Monday, January 24, 2011

Italian States of the Holy Roman Empire



ADRIA
(County)
1221: Azzo Novello was invested at Brindisi with the County of Rovigo, of Adria and of Ariano.


ALBA
Alessandria
Del Pozzo 

AMALFI
(Duchy)

ANCONA
(Margraviate)
1300: Gaetani family acquired the rank of margrave of the March of Ancona

ANCONA
(Republic)

AOSTA
Duchy 

ARBOREA

AREZZO
(Commune)


ARIANO
(County)

1221: Azzo Novello was invested at Brindisi with the County of Rovigo, of Adria and of Ariano.


ARONA
County
1743: Gained by Savoy by the Treaty of Worms

ASTI
(Commune) 

ASTI
County
1531: Emperor Karl V ceded Asti to Carlo IV of Savoy

AURIATE
[Ref1]

AVERSA
[Rul1]

AVIGNON

BELLINZONA 

BENEVENTO
(Duchy) 
[Ref1]

BERGAMO

(Lordship)
"At the beginning of the same century John Roger Suardo was Lord of Bergamo and almost all of its province. In 1421 Duke Philip Maria Visconti took possession of it by means of Philip Carmagnola."  (Rome College of Arms) 

BOLOGNA
Pepoli

"The Bentivoglio originated from the castle of the same name near Bologna and were Sovereigns of that city in the 15th Century. This family sprang from a natural son of Enzo King of Sardinia, the bastard son of Frederick II. In 1400 John, head of the fraction of the Chequers, supplanted Mark Gozzadini35 of that illustrious Bolognese family and had himself proclaimed Lord of Bologna. The Lordship of that family ended in 1511.  1503 was the year in which Julius II took Bologna from the Bentivoglio.  In the 14th Century the Bentivoglio were inscribed in the Corporation of the Butchers. From  this family descend the Bentivoglio Visconti."  (Rome College of Arms)


BORGO SAN DONNINO
(Lordship)
?: Held by Oberto Palavicino
1145: Oberto donated the lordship to the Vicentini

BORMIO 

BRESCIA
Maggi 

BRESSANONE
(BRIXEN)
(Prince-Bishopric)

CAGLIARI

CALABRIA
(Duchy) 

CAMERINO


Fogliani 
da Varano

?: Cesare Borgia took over from the da Varano
1515: Duchy of Camerino
1539:  Incorporated with the Papal States

CAPUA
[Rul1]
Principality
800's: Became autonomous of Salerno.

CARIGNANO
Principality
1248: Emperor Friedrich II ceded Carignano to Savoy
1313: Emperor Heinrich VII ceded Carignano to Savoy 

CARPI
(Pio di Savoia) 


CASENTINO
(Lordship)
(Guidi)

CASTAGNETO

CASTIGLIONE DELLE STIVIERE
(County)
Gonzaga 
1691: Confsicated by the Emperor 

CATEPANATE OF ITALY 

CEVA
1125: Marquisate was created for Anselmo, son of Bonifacio del Vasto.
Guglielmo succeeded his father Anselmo.
Gorgio Nano succeeded as margrave
1313: Ceva submited to Amedeo V of Savoy
1352-1356: Conquered by the Visconti of Milan

1427: Acquired by Savoy from Milan. 

CHIAVENNA 

CHIUSI
(Duchy) 

CITTA DI CASTELLO
?: Cesare Borgia expelled the Vitelli from the Citta di Castello
Vitelli 

CESENA
1400s:  Riario family rule Cesena. 

COMMACHI 

CONZA
(County) 

CORSICA

CORREGGIO
(County)
da Corregio


COSPAIA
(Republic)

CESENA
(Vicariate)
1377-1466:  the Malatesta held Cesena from Pope Urban VI 

COCCONATO
(County)

CREMA
Benzoni

CREMONA
(Commune)


DONORATICO

DUOMO D'OSSOLA
Province
1743: Obtained by Savoy by the Treaty of Worm

ELBA


ESTE
Marchesato
1150: Azzo III was the first to establish his own dominion in the city of Este
?: Taken by Padua
1258: Taken by Ezzelinoa
1259: Reconquered by Azzo VII of Este
1296: Este submitted to Ferrara
1397: Taken by Can della Scala
1318: Conquered by the Carraresi
?: Conquered by the Scaligeri
?: Conquered by the Visconti
?-1405: Conquered again by the Carraresi
1405: Surrendered to the Republic of Venice


Manfredi
1501:  Pope Alexander VI occupied Faenza

FERRARA
Este
1598: Duchy of Ferrara was returned to the Holy See as an ecclesiastical fief.

FINALE
(Margraviate)

FIUME

FLORENCE
(Commune)

FOCCA
1307: Andrew was prince and absolute Lord of Focca


FOLIGNO 
"In the same century the Trinci are Lords of Foligno from 1305 to 1356 with the title of Gonfalonier and Captain of the People and then until 1439 with the title of Pontifical Vicar.  The family was extinguished in 1452 with Ronald but in Milan passed into the House of Sforza." (Rome College of Arms)

FORLI
(Lordship)
?: Ordelaffi were lords of Forli
1310-1422: To Bologna

1400s: Riario family rule Forli


FOSDINOVO
(Marquisate)


FRIULI
(Margraviate)

PATRIARCHAL STATE OF FRIULI


GAETA
(Duchy)

GALLURA 


GENOA
(Commune)
(Republic)

GENOVA
(March)

GHERARDESCA

GORIZIA
(County)


GOVONE

GUASTALLA


GUBBIO
(Lordship)
1100s: Gabrielli family
 

IMOLA
1400s:  Riario family ruled over Imola
1499: Pope Alexander VI occupied Imola
Alidosi
Pagano

INCISA
(Margraviate)
(Carmelli di Clavesana)

IVREA
Marchesatto
1000's: Olderic Manfred (d.1035) was invested with the March of Ivrea
1313: Submitted to Savoy


LA LOMELLINA

STATE OF LANDI 
?-1679: Landi
1679-1682: Doria
1682: To Parma


LAVAGNA
(County)
"The Fieschi, counts of Lavagna, held the fief of Lavagna from the Holy Roman Emperors from the 11th century; males of the Fieschi— all of them styled conte di Lavagna— played major roles as Guelf partisans in the governance and military history of medieval Genoa, ever in conflict with the Republic and always retaining their connection with their holdings here. In 1138, in an agreement between the Fieschi and the commune of Genoa, the Fieschi agreed to spend part of the year in the city. Sinibaldo de' Fieschi, count of Lavagna, became pope as Innocent IV in 1243, and his nephew Ottobuono was elected pope to succeed Innocent V on July 12, 1276, but died at Viterbo on August 18, without ever having been ordained to the priesthood, as Pope Adrian V. In the Fieschi conspiracy of 1547, Giovanni Luigi Fieschi and the nobles unsuccessfully attempted to recapture the dogate from Andrea Doria, and the power of the Fieschi was broken."  (Lavagna @ search.com)

County
1055-1463: Semi-independent entity in Puglia
1149-1194: Tancredi d'Altavilla, Duke of Lecce
: Elvira Maria Albina married Walter III of Brienne
1384:  Maria d'Enghien succeeded as countess
Raimondo Orsini del Balzo
1406: Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo
1463: County annexed by Ferdinando I of Naples as heir of Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo

LERINO
(Abbey)

LIGURIA

LOCARNO

LODI
Fisiraga
Rusca

LODI
(Commune)


LOMBARDY
712: Aliprandi ascended the throne of Lombardy

LORITELLO

LUCCA 


LUGANO

MACERATO
(Lordship)
1266:  Gentile da Varano, who came from Camerino, founded Macerato.
1266-1502: Da Varano
1502: Mecerato raised to a duchy and pased to Giovanni Borgia

MALTA

MANTOVA
(Mantua)
1279-1328: Bonacolsi family
1328-1708: Gonzaga family
?: Pinamonte, 1st Lord of Mantua
?: Rinaldo, called the Little Sparrow, was the last Lord of Mantua
1530: Emperor Karl V raised Mantua to a duchy
1561: Duke of Mantua also became Duke of Nevers
1627: Mantua inherited by the Dukes of Nevers, contested by the Gonzaga of Guastalla

MARCHE

MARSCIANO

MASSA
Cybo-Malaspina
1664: Duchy
1731: In personal union with Modena
"We first hear of the lands of Massa in the 10th Century : in the following century it belonged to thepeople of Este, inherited from Countess Matilda. It than passed to the Lordship of the Malaspina who held it as a fief directly from the Emperor; la Lunigiana passed then to the Fieschi who originated in Lavagna. The latter ceded it to Castruccio Castracane, who had already deprived the Malaspina of their fiefs in Lunigiana. At the death of Castracane in 1328 it came into the possession of Pisa and after other events into the possession of Galeazzo Visconti.  On the death of the latter in 1402 the Malaspina regained possession of their domain and in 1434 Massa and Territory to avoid the depredations of the Pisans, Florentines and people of Fieschi
surrendered to Marquis Anthony Alberic Malaspina, who promised to respect the Statutes and Privileges of Massa and Carrara and to protect them against enemy invasion.  Until 1520 the region of Apuana remained under this Lord, then it passed to the Cybo by the marriage of Richard, son of Alberic Malaspina. The male line of the Cybo ended in 1731 with Alderano and the succession passed to Maria Theresa who was married to Hercules Ronald III d’Este Duke of Modena who added the region of Apuana to his crown."  (Rome College of Arms)

MASSA AND CARRARA

MASSERANO
(Principality)
Ferrero-Fieschi
1767:  Sold to Savoy

MATELICA
Ottoni

MILANO
1200: Torriani dominated Milan
?: Pagano (d. 1241), became 1st Lord of Milan
?: Guido (d.1312) last Torriani Lord of Milan
1277-1447: Visconti family
1395: "...In 1395, for example, Gian Galezzo Visconti received the title of duca for the Duchy of Lombardy directly from the emperor Venceslao.  Though the family had been the feudal lords over most of the same territory since 1277, it previously had no noble title." (Cole, p. 36)
1447-1515: Sforza family
1515-1525:  Francois I of France was duke of Milan 

MILAN
(Commune)

MIRANDOLA
(Lordship, Duchy)
"The Pico were from the beginning of the 15th Century (1414) and for another two centuries Lords and then Dukes of Mirandola which was sold to the Duke of Modena in 1710."  (Rome College of Arms)

MODENA

MODENA AND REGGIO

MODICA
(County)

MONDOVI

MONTECHIARUGOLO
(County)
Torelli

MONTESCUDARO

MONTFERRAT
Margraviate
Duchy
1306-1533: To Palaiologi
1574-1713: Gonzaga
1574: Duchy of Montferrato
1630: Acquired by Dukes of Savoy
1665: Given to the Duke of Savoy

NAPLES
(Duchy)

NICE
County
1388: Savoy gained County of Nice.

NOCERA
(County)

NOLI
(Republic)

NOVARA
Province
Brusati 
Tornielli 
1736: Obtained by Savoy from Milan

NOVELLARA
(County)
?-1728:  Gonzaga
1737-?:  To Modena

ONEGLIA
1814: Obtained by Savoy by the Treaty of Vienna

ORVIETO
Porcari 

PADUA
1314-1406: Carreresi were Lords of Padua 

STATE OF PALLAVICINO

PAPAL STATES

PARMA
da Correggio
Terzi
1512: Reclaimed by the pope as part of the States of the Countess Matilda
1546: Pope Paul III raised Parma and Piacenza into a duchy for the Farnese


PAVIA
Langoschi 

PERUGIA
1502:  Cesare Borgia expelled the Baglioni from Perugia. 

PERUGIA
(Commune) 

PESARO
Sforza
1500:  Pope Alexander VI occupied Pesaro 

PESCARA
(Republic) 

PIACENZA
Scotti
Terzi 
1512: Reclaimed by the pope as part of the States of the Countess Matilda
1546: Pope Paul III raised Parma and Piacenza into a duchy for the Farnese

PIACENZA
(Commune) 

PICENO
Alberici 

PIEDMONT
Principality
1220: Pier of Savoy gained Piedmont from the Counts of Provence. 

PIOMBINO
(Principality)
Appiani
?-1733: Ludovisi
Boncompagni-Ludovisi 

PISA
(Commune) 

PITIGLIANO
(County)
Orsini 

POLESINE
(Abbey) 
"The Abbey of Polesine passed into the possession of the Este in the year 970 by a cession of Otto I. In 1293 it was occupied by the Paduans who obliged the Abbot to remove a chain that crossed the Adige to prevent the passage of boats which had not paid a tax to the Monastery. In 1355 it fell oncemore into the hands of the Este who erected three high towers there, called the Marquis’s fortresses, but notwithstanding the Paduans re-took it." (Rome College of Arms) 


"...In 1310 the people of Este lost their dominion over Polesine which they recovered in 1452 and which passed to the Venetian Republic in 1482."  (Rome College of Arms)

PONTECORVO

STATE OF PRESIDI 

RAGUSA
(Commune) 

RAVENNA
1310-1441: da Polenta family acquired Ravenna through Ostasio II da Polento 

EXARCHATE OF RAVENNA 

RIMINI:
"Rimini---where the Emilian Way, just south of the Rubicon, reached its Adriatic end---entered violently into Renaissance history through its ruling family, the Malatestas---Evil Heads. They appear first toward the end of the tenth century as lieutenants of the Holy Roman Empire, governing the Marches of Ancona for Otto III. By playing Guelf and Ghibelline factions against each other, and making obeisance now to the emperor, now to the pope, they acquired actual, though not formal, sovereignty over Ancona, Rimini, and Cesena, and ruled them as despots acknowledging no morals except those of intrigue, treachery, and the sword. . . It was a Malatesta, Giovanni, who, in a monogamous moment, killed his wife Francesca da Rimini and his brother Paolo (1285). Carlo Malatesta established the repute of the family in the patronage of arts and letters. Sigismondo Malatesta carried the dynasty to its zenith of power, culture, and assassination. His many mistresses gave him several children, in some instances with disturbing simultaneity. He married thrice, and killed two wives on pretext of adultery. He was alleged to have made his daughter pregnant, to have attempted sodomy with his son, who repelled him with a drawn dagger, and to have wreaked his lust upon the corpse of a German lady who had preferred death to his embrace; however we have for these explouts only the word of his foes. To his final mistress, Isotta degli Atti, he gave unwonted devotion and ultimately and ultimately marriage; and after her death he set up in the church of San Francesco a monument marked Divae Isottae sacrum---'Sacred to the Divine Isotta.' He seems to have denied God and immortality; he thought it a merry prank to fill with ink the holy-water stoup of a church, and to watch the worshippers bespatter themselves as they entered.": (The Renaissance: A History of Civilization in Italy from 1304-1576 A.D.: 339)

Malatesta
1500: Pope Alexander VI occupied Rimini 


ROVIGO





(County)
1221: Azzo Novello was invested at Brindisi with the County of Rovigo, of Adria and of Ariano.


SABBIONETA
[Ref1] [Rul2]
1444: Lordship of Sabbioneta 
1564:  "...On the accession of Maximilian II he (Vespasiano Gonzaga) obtains that Sabbioneta become a marquisate, that it be held by him directly from the Holy Empire, and that he himself should have for his armorial bearings those of Austria...."  (Jusserand, p. 124)
1565: Marquisate of Sabbioneta
1576:"On Rudolph II's coming to the throne, Sabbioneta is made a duchy; Vespasiano receives later the Golden Fleece...."  (Jusserand, p. 125)
1577: Duchy of Sabbioneta 
?: Luigi Gonzaga
1577: Vespasiano Gonzaga Colonna
1684-1702: Spanish occupation 
1702: Annexed to Duchy of Mantua 
1707: Ceded to Duchy of Guastalla 
1747: Annexed to Duchy of Milan

SALERNO
[Rul1]
Principality
851: Principality of Salerno formed out of Principality of Benevento 

SALUZZO
Marquisate
1588: Acquired by Savoy

SAN MARINO 

SANTA FIORA
(County)
Sforza

SARDINIA 

SASSUOLO
(Pio di Savoia)

SAVONA
?: Giovanni Ruggiero Suardo was Lord of Bergamo
1421: Filippo Maria Visconti took possession of Bergamo

SAVOY
1050's: Umberto of Savoy took possession of the County of Aosta and Moriana, part of Tarantasia, il Ciablese, part of Vallese
?: Umberto of Savoy held the County of Belley

SEBORGA

SENARICA
(Republic)


SETTIMO

SICILY 

SIENNA
(Commune)

SORA
(Duchy)

SORANO
(County)

SORRENTO
(Duchy)

SOVANA 

SPOLETO
(Duchy) 

SUSA
Marquisate


TERNI
Castelli

TICINO 

TORRES

TORRIGLIA
(Lordship, Marquisate, Principality)
Doria
Pamphilii

TRANI

TRENTO
(Prince-Bishopric)

TREVISO
(Lordship, March)
1180-1259: Da Camino 

TRIESTE

TURIN
Marchesato
1035-1038: Hermann of Swabia invested with March of Turin on his marriage to Adelaide, daughter of Olderic Manfred.
1038-1045: Guido of Monferrato became margrave of Turin by his marriage to Adelaide

TUSCANY
(March)
828: Tuscany formed
c1028: Bonifacio united his trans-Appennine domains into the Marquisate of Tuscany
?: Matilda, Lady of Tuscany, part of the Romagna. of Piacenza, Parma, Modena, Regiio and Mantua.


(Duchy)
Montefeltro
1212: Count Guido da Montefeltro, a descendant of the counts of Carpegna, received investiture from Pope Boniface VIII
1474: Federigo da Montefelto became Duke of Urbino
1444-1574: Della Rovere family acquired Urbino through the marriage of Giovanni, son of Rafaele and nephew of Pope Sixtus UV, to Giovanna, daughter of Federigo da Montefeltro.
1460-1482:  "...Save for the year 1473-74, from 1460 until his death in 1482 Federigo da Montefeltro, count and then duke of Urbino, was general of the king of Naples and the Italian League, which included the pope, whose authority gave him priority claim.  In mid-1473 Federigo's contract expired and was not renewed...  At the very time he was elected to the Garter, and as yet unbeknown in England, Federico's contract as general was renewed.  On 20 August he was appointed Gonfaloniere of the Church and the following day invested as papal duke, receiving the golden rose.  He had already been elected to the Order of the Ermine...."  (Walsh, 2005, p. xxv)

VAL SESIA
1703: Obtained by Dukes of Savoy from Emperor Leopold

VALTELLINE

VENICE 
(Republic)

VENTIMIGLIA
(County)
1100s-1200s: Ventimiglia family

VERCELLI
Lordship
Avvocati
1427: Ceded by Milan to Savoy

VERONA
(Lordship)
1259-1387: Della Scala held the lordship of Verona

VERONA
(Commune)

VERONA AND AQUILEIA
(Margraviate)


VESCOVATO
(Lordship, Marquisate, Principality)

VIGEVANO
(Commune)
1200s: the Visconti ruled over Vigevano
1311:  Emperor Heinrich VII made Vigevano a free and independent commune
1329:  Imperial privilege re-granted by Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian.

VITERBO
Giovanni di Vico

VITERBO
(Commune)
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REFERENCES
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