Brunswick-Hanover
"The illustrious and ancient house of Brunswick owes its origin to Azo IV. of the family of Este, son of Hugo III., marquess of Ferrara, in Italy. Azo, who died in 1055, left by his consort Cunegonde, daughter and heiress of Guelph, duke of Bavaria, a son, who was great-grandfather of Henry, surnamed the Lion. This prince married Maud, eldest daughter of Henry II. of England, and is always looked upon as the ancestor of our present royal family. The dominions possessed by Henry the Lion were very extensive; but he having refused to assist Frederick Barbarossa in a war against pope Alexander III., that emperor's resentment was drawn upon him, and in the diet of Wurtzburg, in 1180, he was proscribed. The duchy of Bavaria was given to Otho, count Wittelsbach, from whom is descended the present royal family of Bavaria; the duchy of Saxony was conferred upon Bernard Ascanius, founder of the house of Anhalt; and his other possessions were disposed of to different princes. Thus despoiled, Henry retired to England; but ultimately, after much intercession, Brunswick and Luneburg were restored to him. He left three sons. The two elder having no male issue, William, the third son, carried on the line of his family, and from him all the succeeding dukes of Brunswick and Luneburg have descended. Hanover was erected into a kingdom in 1814." (Haydn, pp. 47-48)
"The ducal house of Brunswick, which is now on the point of becoming extinct, the two only representatives of the family being unmarried and sexagenarians, is one of the most ancient and illustrious of the Germanic Confederation. Its ancestor, Henry the Lion, possessed, in the twelfth century, the united duchies of Bavaria and Saxony, with other territories in the north of Germany; but having refused to aid the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in his wars with the Pope, he was, by a decree of the Diet, deprived of the whole of his territories with the sole exception of his allodial domains, the principalities of Brunswick and Luneburg. Their possessions were, on the death of Ernest the Confessor, divided between the two sons of the latter, who became the founders of the lines of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel and Brunswick-Luneburg, the former of which is represented at present in the ducal house of Brunswick, and the latter in the royal families of Great Britain and Hanover. In consequence of a family treaty made in the seventeenth century between these two lines, the territories of either are to fall to the last surviving male heirs, in case of extinction of one of the princely houses. The duchy of Brunswick, therefore, must come under the sovereignty of the King of Hanover, at the death of the present duke. The royal family of Great Britain has no claim, inasmuch as the male line of the house of Brunswick-Luneburg is not represented in Queen Victoria I. and her descendants. But the reigning family of Prussia assert a title upon Brunswick, in consequence of ancient treaties.
"The Duke of Brunswick is one of the wealthiest of German sovereigns, being in possession of immense private estates, including the principality of Oels, in Silesia, and large domains in the district of Glatz, in Prussia. It is believed that the Duke has bequeathed the whole of these estates to the Emperor of Austria. The Duke's civil list, amounting to 220,722 thalers, or 33,108Z., is not set down in the budget, being paid out of a special fund, the 'Kammercasse', the revenues of which are derived from the State domains. The ex-duke, Charles, residing chiefly at Paris, has also a large private income, amounting, it is stated, to above 200,000Z. per annum." (Martin, et. al.,, pp. 174-175)
The Duchy of Brunswick -- History
"History.—It has already been mentioned in the history of Hanover, that both this kingdom and the duchy of Brunswick have the same origin -. and that the nigher ancestor of the reigning royal and ducal house, is duke Ernest, suramed the Confessor, who died in 1546, and -whose grandson Augustus became the special ancestor of the reigning house of Brunswick. Until the year 1754, the ducal residence was in Wolfenbuttel, but duke Charles transferred it in the just-named year, to the city of Brunswick. He died in 1780, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles William Ferdinand, while his younger son, Frederic Augustus, became by marriage possessed of the dependent principality of Oels in Silesia, and assumed the name of Brunswick-Oels. Duke Charles William Ferdinand, of Brunswick proper, commanded the Prussian troops in the battle of Auerstadt (which was fought on the same day as the battle of Jena), in 1808, where he was severely wounded, and soon after died, while the French took possession of his duchy, which in the period from 1807 to 1813, formed a constituent part of the kingdom of Westphalia. His grand-nephew, Frederic William of Brunswick-Oels, now succeeded him as duke of Brunswick, but was on the 16th June, 1815, killed in the action of Quatrebras. He left behind two sons, minors, the eldest of whom, Charles, succeeded him, but was, until 1823, under the guardianship of King George IV of Great Britain and Hanover. In 1880, after the French revolution of July, in Brunswick as well as elsewhere, it was for a while the fashion to imitate that revolution; Herzberg, the commander of the ducal troops, made common cause with the rebels, the ducal palace was set on fire, and, to be short, Peter was exchanged for Paul, and the duke's brother, William (born in 1806), is since the 25th April, 1831, reigning duke. Both he and his brother are yet unmarried, and should they die so, the duchy will be annexed to Hanover, as its king and descendants are the next legitimate heirs to Brunswick.
"The duchy is divided into 6 districts, and subdivided into bailiwicks. The districts of Brunswick, Wolfenbuttel, Helmstedt, Gandersheim, and Holzminden, comprise the ancient patrimonial state, styled principality of Wolfenbuttel, while the sixth district consists of the principality of Blankenburg, which in. 1599 was inherited by the ducal house of Brunswick...." (Ungewitter, pp. 444-446)
The Kingdom of Hanover
"History. "...Otto the great, about A. D. 940, conferred the duchy of Saxony on Hermann Billung, a Luneburg noble, in whose family it remained till 1106. The several branches of the house of Brunswick— now reduced to two, namely, Brunswick-Luneburg and Zelle, and the branch of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel—derive their descent from the margrave Azo d'Este, who possessed the Milanese, Genoa, and part of Lombardy. Azo coming into Germany with the emperor Conrad II. in the year 1030, and marrying the daughter and heiress of Guelph or Welph, a Bavarian nobleman, succeeded him in his domains. To his son, Welph the Fat, the emperor Henry IV gave the investiture of Bavaria, from which Otto, duke of Saxony, was driven for rebellion. Welph, who had married the marchioness of Tuscany, dying without issue, his Italian States and Bavarian possessions fell to his brother, Henry the Black, who obtained the county of Luneburg with his wife Wulfilde, daughter of Magnus, duke of Saxony. His son, Henry the Proud, having married the daughter of the emperor Lotharius received from his father-in-law, the duchy and investiture of Saxony, and the hereditary lands of Brunswick, Nordheim, and Supplingenburg; and the dominions of the family reached from the Rhine to the Vistula, when his son Henry reduced the Slavi on the coast of the Baltic. Henry, surnamed the Lion, made a pilgrimage to the East, as one of the crusaders, and brought away a very rich treasure of relics, gold and silver plate, and gems, collected during that expedition. In 1179, Henry was put under the ban of the empire by Frederic Barbarossa, or the Red Beard, and deprived of all his dominions in Italy and Suabia, with the duchies of Saxony and Bavaria. He was allowed, however, to retain Luneburg, some lordships, and his Slavonian conquests; but his descendants were stript of a considerable portion of these territories. His son Otto obtained the imperial dignity in 1209, and was crowned by Innocent III. Otto erected Luneburg and Brunswick into a duchy, in favour of his youngest brother William ; and his second brother, Henry, was count palatine of the Rhine. Frederic, successor of Otto, confirmed William in the possession of Luneburg and Brunswick. From William descended duke Magnus II., the common ancestor of the lines of Brunswick-Luneburg, and the first line of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel; his son Bernard being the founder of the former,—and Henry of the latter, which became extinct in 1634. Ernest, duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, the descendant of Bernard, dying in 1546, left four sons, of whom the two eldest left no heirs. His third son, Henry, was the founder of the second line of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel ; and his fourth son, William, continued that of Luneburg and Zelle. The Protestant religion was introduced by duke Ernest, in 1531, into his dominions ; and his grand nephew, Ernest Augustus, established the right of primogeniture in the Wilhelmine line, or that of Luneburg-Zell. George William, grandson of William, founder of the Wilhelmine line, succeeded his brother, Christian Lewis, in the duchies of Hanover and Zelle, and the counties of Hoya and Diepholz. By the failure of the first line of Wolfenbuttle, he obtained the principality of Calenberg. In 1675, he commanded an army sent to attack Treves, and relieve Monticuculi, who was opposed to Turenne and D'Asfelde, near Strasburg ; and effected his purpose by a decisive victory over marshal Crequi, Bt Consarbruck, which was followed by the reduction of Treves. He died in 1705, aged 81 years. Ernest Augustus, youngest brother of George William, married the princess Sophia, fifth daughter of Frederic V. the unfortunate elector palatine and king of Bohemia, and grand daughter of James I. of England, and VI. of Scotland. He commanded on the Rhine, under his brother George William, and supplied the emperor with a body of troops, to aid him against the Turks and revolted Hungarians. In return for these services, and to secure his friendship for the future, Leopold created a ninth electorate in his favour, in 1692. This creation met with great opposition in the electoral college and the college of princes; but at last, by a conclusum of the three colleges, on the 30th of January, 1708, it was unanimously determined that the electoral dignity should be confirmed to the house of Hanover, in the male line; and Ernest Augustus's son, George, was introduced into the electoral college, on the 12th of September, 1707. As George William, duke of Luneburg-Zell, had no male issue, and his only daughter was married to George, his brother Ernest's son, he settled his whole dominions upon Ernest and his posterity, in order to enable him to support the electoral dignity. Ernest died in 1698, and was succeeded by his son George Lewis. By virtue of an act of the British legislature, by which the crown was settled on his mother, the electress Sophia and her heirs, being Protestants, he was called to the succession on the death of queen Anne, in August, 1714. From this period, the history of Hanover becomes connected with that of Great Britain. In 1716, the duchies of Bremen and Verden being conquered by Denmark from Sweden, were sold to George I. for 700,000 rixdollars, or £130,000 sterling, and have ever since formed part of the Hanoverian dominions. George II., who succeeded his father in 1727, founded the university of Gottingen in 1738, and enlarged the Hanoverian territory by the acquisition of Hadeln and Bentheim. In the war of 1755, Hanover was invaded liy an army of 110,000 French ; and the duke of Cumberland being defeated at the battle of Hastenbeck, was necessitated to conclude a convention at Closterseven, under the mediation of his Danish majesty, by which 37,000 men were obliged to lay down their arms and return to their homes. But the French, who were then commanded by the duke de Richelieu, abused their conquest, by subjecting the whole country to pillage; and their commander—an old profligate courtier, and a parasite of Madam Pompadour of infamous memory—resolved not to lose the opportunity of repairing his finances with the plunder of the electorate. The poor Hanoverians plundered of their all, their villages and fields laid waste, and their country rendered a dreary and smoking wilderness, were so enraged, that they took up arms, and, under the command of prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, broke the disgraceful convention, and drove the French out of their country, and across the Rhine. In this campaign thu French lost 60,000 men,—a great number of whom were the victims of their own excesses. But the French court having re-enforced their army next year, prince Ferdinand—whose army did not amount to one-third of the French force—was compelled to re-cross the Rhine; and during the rest of the war, Hanover was miserably ravaged, as the allied army was never able to undertake offensive operations, or face the invading armies in the field. George II., during the Seven years' war, was succeeded, in 1760, by his grandson, George III., who, on the 30th September 1763, issued a very oppressive law—happily now abolished by the constitution of Hanover—by which every individual was forbidden to address himself immediately to the king either with petitions or complaints ; a regulation which of course placed the Hanoverian ministers in a very comfortable situation. Several exchanges of territory were made with Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel; and in 1802 the electorate of Hanover obtained the principality of Osnabruck for the cession of Hildesheim barony, and some oiher districts. In the war which broke oat between England and France, the latter refused to acknowledge the neutrality of the German States of the king of England, and on the 3d of January 1803, Hanover was occupied by French troops. In the third coalition the Russians and Swedes occupied Hanover on the retreat of the French, and the Hanoverian legion entered the Weser ; but the battle of Austerlitz changed the face of affairs. In 1806, Hanover was occupied by the Prussians, according to a treaty with France ; and in the same year, the war between France and Prussia broke out, and the French again occupied Hanover. By the treaty of Tilsit, a part of Hanover, namely, Grubenhagen and Osnabruck, Gottingen, and a part of Hohenstein. was joined to the kingdom of Westphalia, whilst the rest remained under French administration, and was afterwards incorporated into the French empire. This state of things had lasted not quite three years, when the battle of Leipzig restored Hanover to England; under the title of a kingdom, it obtained an augmentation of territory in the congress of Vienna, and made on the other hand some cessions. Count Munster, in his opening speech to the assembled States-general, informed them that the prince-regent would hold sacred the original rights of the States, but several modifications would be necessary in the exercise of these rights. In particular, the finances would require an uniform and firm administration. With respect to the debts contracted during the French occupation, though his royal highness could not allow the right of States to bind their posterity, by debts contracted under a foreign usurpation, and without the consent of their sovereign, yet he thought it advisable that they should be recognised under certain modifications. The people pleased with these promises, returned cheerfully to an allegiance which they had never willingly renounced." (Bell, pp. 371-374)
The Early Hanoverians
"The new royal house in England is sometimes called the House of Hanover, sometimes the House of Brunswick. It will be found that the latter name is Brunswick. more generally used in histories written during the last century, the former in books written in the present day. If the names were equally applicable, the modern use is the more convenient, because there is another, and in some respects well known, branch of the House of Brunswick; but no other has a right to the name of Hanover. It is, however, quite certain that, whatever the English use may be, Hanover is properly the name of a town and of a duchy, but that the electorate was Brunswick-Liineburg. During the last few weeks of Queen Anne's reign the heir was prayed for in the Liturgy of the Church of England as 'the Duke of Brunswick,' a petition substituted for that for the 'Princess Sophia.'
"The House of Brunswick was of noble origin, tracing itself back to a certain Guelph d'Este, nicknamed ' the Robust,' son of an Italian nobleman, who had been seeking his fortunes in Germany. Guelph married Judith, widow of the English King, Harold, who fell on the hill of Senlac, pierced in the eye, when the English were routed in the battle of Hastings. One of Guelph's descendants, later, married Maud, the daughter of King Henry II., probably the most powerful king in Europe of his day, at whose persuasion the Emperor conferred on the Guelphs the duchy of Brunswick. The son of this marriage became, for a short period, Emperor at a time when the Guelphs gained the upper hand in Germany; and fourteenth in descent from this same marriage is Ernest Augustus, first Elector of Brunswick-Liineburg. More than once the territories of the House of Brunswick were divided, and sometimes into several fragments, but by failure of heirs the parts were reunited. The story is told that the grandfather of Ernest Augustus, by name Duke William the Pious, had seven sons, who, seeing that if the territories were subdivided their influence would vanish, agreed that one only of them should marry, and that the dice selected his son George. He, in turn, had four sons, who divided their territories, though they made a compact somewhat similar to that of the previous generation. The whole was joined together once more under the youngest brother, Ernest Augustus." (Morris, p. 14)
Antiquities of the House of Brunswick
"Henry the Black was the founder of the German Principalities possessed by his family. He married Wolphidis, the sole heiress of Herman of Billung, the Duke of Saxony, and of his possessions on the Elbe. His son, Henry the Proud, married Gertrude, the heiress of the duchies of Saxony, Brunswick, and Hanover. Thus Henry the Proud,
"1st. As representing Azo, his great-grandfather,—inherited some part of the Italian possessions of the younger branch of the Estesine family: they chiefly lay on the southern side of the fall of the Po into the Adriatic: ...
"2d. As representing Count Boniface, the father of Princess Mechthildis--he inherited the Italian possessions of the elder branch of the Estesine family; they chiefly lay in Tuscany: some part of the possessions of the Princess Mechthildis also devolved to him:
"3d. As representing Cunegunda, his grandmother--he inherited the possessions of the Gulphs at Altorf:
"4th. As representing his mother, the sole heiress of Hermann of Billung--he inherited the possessions of the Saon family on the Elbe:
"5th. And through his wife--he transmitted the duchies of Saxon, Brunswick and Hanover.
"All these possessions descended to Henry the Lion, the son of Henry the Proud. He added to them Bavaria, onb the cession of Henry Jossemargott, and Lunenburgh and Mecklenburgh by conquest. Thus he became possessed of an extensive territory....
"In other words, his possessions filled a considerable portion of the territory between the Rhine, the Baltic, the Elbe and the Tyber.
"Unfortunately for him, in the quarrels between the Pope and the Emperor Barbarossa, he sided with the former. The emperor confiscated his possessions, but returned him his allodial estates in Brunswick, Hanover, and Lunenburgh ; he died in 1195. By his first wife he had no issue male : his second wife was Maud, the daughter of Henry the Second, King of England. By her he had several sons, all of whom died except William, called of Winchester from his being born in that city. William of Winchester had issue Otho, -called Puer, or the boy
"At the decease of Otho Puer, the partition of this illustrious house commences. The subject of these sheets leads only to the Lunenburgh branches of the Guelphic shoot of the Estesine line.
"On the death of Otho the boy, Brunswick and Lunenburgh, the only remains of the splendid possessions of his grandfather, William the Proud, were divided between his two sons, John and Albert: Lunenburgh was assigned to the former, Brunswick to the latter. Thus the former became the patriarch of, what is called, the Old House of Lunenburgh. Otho his son received Hanover as a fief from William Sigefred, the Bishop of Hildesheim. Otho had four sons; Otho his first son succeeded him, and dying without issue was succeeded by his brother William with the large feet. He died in 1369, without issue male; the two other sons of Otho the father also died without male issue.
''Thus there was a general failure of issue male of John, the patriarch of the old house of Lunenburgh. By the influence of the Emperor Charles the Fourth, Otho, elector of Saxony, who had married Elizabeth, the daughter of William, succeeded to the duchy. He died without issue, and left it, by his will, to his uncle Winceslaus, elector of Saxony. It was contested with him by Torquatus Magnus, duke of Saxony; the contest ended in a compromise; under which Bernard, the eldest son of Torquatus Magnus, obtained it, and became the patriarch of the Middle House of Luncnburgh ; he died in 1434. After several descents, it vested in Ernest of Zell, who introduced the Lutheran religion into his states.
"After his decease, his sons Henry and William for some time reigned conjointly; but William persuaded his brother to content himself with the country of Danneburgh; while he himself reigned over all the rest, and thus became the patriarch of the new House of Brunsrvick-Lunenburgh.
"He left seven sons; they agreed to cast lots which should marry, and to reign according to their seniority. The lot fell to George, the sixth of the Sops. Frederick was the survivor of them.
"On his decease, the duchy descended to Ernest Augustus, the son of George, with whom the Electoral House of Lunenburgh commences. His reism is remarkable for two circumstances : his advancement to the electoral dignity, and his wife Sophias being assigned, by an act of the British parliament, to be the royal stem of the Protestant succession to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland.
"On the demise of Queen Ann, George his son, in virtue of this act of parliament, succeeded to the British monarchy.
"The house of Brunswick-Lunenhurgh is now divided into branches, the German and the English. The former, under the title of Brunswick-Lunenburgh and Wolfenbuttel, possesses the duchies of Brunswick and Wolfenbuttel, and the countries of Blackenburgh and Reinskin, and reckons 160,000 subjects. The English, under the title of Brunswick-Lunenburgh and Hanover, possesses, with the electoral dignity, the electorate of Hanover, the duchies of Lunenburgh, Zell, Calemberg, Grubenhagen, Deepholt, Bentheim, Lawenburgh, Bremen, and Verdun, and counts 740,000 subjects." (Gibbon, pp. 203-206)
Territorial and Dynastic History
955: Bruno I, founder of the Brunonen dynasty, becomes count
1136: Heinrich "der Stolze," duke of Bavaria and Saxony, becomes count.
1180: Heinrich "der Löwe," duke of Bavaria and Saxony, becomes duke (the name Braunschweig [Brunswick] becomes gradually attached to the polity).
1181: Heinrich was placed under an imperial ban and the duchy was dismembered. He was allowed to retain his hereditary possessions, which consisted of a large part of Brunswick and Luneburg. The bulk of these lands came subsequently to Henry’s grandson, Otto.
1235: The polity is officially Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg; the style of the ruler is Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg; in theory, the entire polity retains this style, as do all the rulers despite the divisions. Anxious to be reconciled with the Welfs, the Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II, recognized Otto’s title and granted him the title of Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg. Otto added several counties and the town of Hanover to his possessions.
1267: Albrecht and Johann divided the duchy; Albert became duke of Brunswick and John, duke of Luneburg. Over the coming years, the dukes of Luneburg increased the area of their duchy.
1269: Division into Principality of Brunswick (Fürstentum Braunschweig) and Principality of Lüneburg.
1285: The duchy of Brunswick was divided between Duke Albrecht’s three sons, whose relations with each other were far from harmonious, and the lines of Wolfenbuttel, Gottingen and Grubenhagen were established.
1286: Fürstentum Grubenhagen (extinct 14 Apr 1596) and Fürstentum Göttingen detached from Brunswick.
1292: The Wolfenbuttel branch died out.
1345: The Wolfenbuttel branch was re-founded by Magnus I, a younger member of the Gottingen family.
1369: The family of the dukes of Luneburg eventually died out and a stubborn contest took place for its possession. Claimed by Magnus II, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, this prince was forced by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV to abandon his pretensions.
1388: Magnus II’s sons, Friedrich, Bernhard, and Heinrich succeeded in incorporating Luneburg with Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel.
1400: Heinrich the Mild established the House of Brunswick and his descendants would rule until 1634.
1428: Bernhard I, the only survivor of the three sons of Magnus II, was forced to make a division of the duchy, by which he received Luneburg, while his nephews, Wilhelm and Heinrich, obtained Brunswick."
1432: Fürstentum Calenberg detached from Brunswick. Wilhelm and Heinrich divided Brunswick into Calenberg and Wolfenbuttel.
1807-1813: Incorporated into Kingdom of Westphalia.
1813: Allied administration.
1813: Duchy of Brunswick (Herzogtum Braunschweig).
RULERS OF BRAUNSCHWEG
WILHELM
Duke of Luneburg, 1195-1213
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OTTO I, 1st Duke of Brunswick, 1213-1252, Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg, 1235-1262 (1204-1252)
the Child (Lat. Puer)
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WILHELM III
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Prince of Luneburg (Wilhelm II), 1416-1428 (joint rule with Heinrich II)
Duke of Braunschweig-Luneburg, Prince of Wolfenbüttel (Wilhelm II), 1428-1432 (joint rule with Heinrich II), 1473-1482
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg (Wilhelm I), 1432-1473
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Prince of Gottingen (Wilhelm I), 1450-1473 (1392-1482)
ALBRECHT IV (1419-1485)
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen (ALBRECHT III), 1427-1464
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1427-1485
Duke of Braunschweig-Herzberg, 1427-1485
"ALBRECHT III. of Brunswick, grandson of Albrecht II., succeeded along with his two brothers, Ernst and Heinrich, to the uncontrolled exercise of their hereditary power on the death of their uncle and guardian, Otho, in 1439. The three brothers reigned conjointly till 1463, when, on the death of Heinrich, Ernst retired to a convent, and left Albrecht to govern alone in his own name and the name of Heinrich's son, a minor. In 1481 a division of the territory between Albrecht and his nephew took place. The former survived this transaction five years, dying in 1486. Albrecht III. without possessing distinguished. talents was a respectable statesman ; he is memorable chiefly for his efforts to improve the condition of the mining population of the Harz, and to render the working of the mines more productive. An Albrecht IV. of this family is mentioned by its historians, but he died before his father in 1456, and, although admitted according to the custom of the time and country to a share in the government, can scarcely be regarded as having been actually a reigning prince. ( Versuch eincrpragmatischen Geschichte des durchlauchtigsten Hauses Braunschweig und Liiueburg. Braunschweig, 1764, 8vo.) W. W."
OTTO I, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (OTTO III), 1434-1446 (?-1446)
Otto I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Cripple
the Lame
FRIEDRICH III, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1434-1457, 1471-1478 (1418-1478)
Friedrich II of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Pious
"The illustrious and ancient house of Brunswick owes its origin to Azo IV. of the family of Este, son of Hugo III., marquess of Ferrara, in Italy. Azo, who died in 1055, left by his consort Cunegonde, daughter and heiress of Guelph, duke of Bavaria, a son, who was great-grandfather of Henry, surnamed the Lion. This prince married Maud, eldest daughter of Henry II. of England, and is always looked upon as the ancestor of our present royal family. The dominions possessed by Henry the Lion were very extensive; but he having refused to assist Frederick Barbarossa in a war against pope Alexander III., that emperor's resentment was drawn upon him, and in the diet of Wurtzburg, in 1180, he was proscribed. The duchy of Bavaria was given to Otho, count Wittelsbach, from whom is descended the present royal family of Bavaria; the duchy of Saxony was conferred upon Bernard Ascanius, founder of the house of Anhalt; and his other possessions were disposed of to different princes. Thus despoiled, Henry retired to England; but ultimately, after much intercession, Brunswick and Luneburg were restored to him. He left three sons. The two elder having no male issue, William, the third son, carried on the line of his family, and from him all the succeeding dukes of Brunswick and Luneburg have descended. Hanover was erected into a kingdom in 1814." (Haydn, pp. 47-48)
"The ducal house of Brunswick, which is now on the point of becoming extinct, the two only representatives of the family being unmarried and sexagenarians, is one of the most ancient and illustrious of the Germanic Confederation. Its ancestor, Henry the Lion, possessed, in the twelfth century, the united duchies of Bavaria and Saxony, with other territories in the north of Germany; but having refused to aid the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in his wars with the Pope, he was, by a decree of the Diet, deprived of the whole of his territories with the sole exception of his allodial domains, the principalities of Brunswick and Luneburg. Their possessions were, on the death of Ernest the Confessor, divided between the two sons of the latter, who became the founders of the lines of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel and Brunswick-Luneburg, the former of which is represented at present in the ducal house of Brunswick, and the latter in the royal families of Great Britain and Hanover. In consequence of a family treaty made in the seventeenth century between these two lines, the territories of either are to fall to the last surviving male heirs, in case of extinction of one of the princely houses. The duchy of Brunswick, therefore, must come under the sovereignty of the King of Hanover, at the death of the present duke. The royal family of Great Britain has no claim, inasmuch as the male line of the house of Brunswick-Luneburg is not represented in Queen Victoria I. and her descendants. But the reigning family of Prussia assert a title upon Brunswick, in consequence of ancient treaties.
"The Duke of Brunswick is one of the wealthiest of German sovereigns, being in possession of immense private estates, including the principality of Oels, in Silesia, and large domains in the district of Glatz, in Prussia. It is believed that the Duke has bequeathed the whole of these estates to the Emperor of Austria. The Duke's civil list, amounting to 220,722 thalers, or 33,108Z., is not set down in the budget, being paid out of a special fund, the 'Kammercasse', the revenues of which are derived from the State domains. The ex-duke, Charles, residing chiefly at Paris, has also a large private income, amounting, it is stated, to above 200,000Z. per annum." (Martin, et. al.,, pp. 174-175)
The Duchy of Brunswick -- History
"History.—It has already been mentioned in the history of Hanover, that both this kingdom and the duchy of Brunswick have the same origin -. and that the nigher ancestor of the reigning royal and ducal house, is duke Ernest, suramed the Confessor, who died in 1546, and -whose grandson Augustus became the special ancestor of the reigning house of Brunswick. Until the year 1754, the ducal residence was in Wolfenbuttel, but duke Charles transferred it in the just-named year, to the city of Brunswick. He died in 1780, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles William Ferdinand, while his younger son, Frederic Augustus, became by marriage possessed of the dependent principality of Oels in Silesia, and assumed the name of Brunswick-Oels. Duke Charles William Ferdinand, of Brunswick proper, commanded the Prussian troops in the battle of Auerstadt (which was fought on the same day as the battle of Jena), in 1808, where he was severely wounded, and soon after died, while the French took possession of his duchy, which in the period from 1807 to 1813, formed a constituent part of the kingdom of Westphalia. His grand-nephew, Frederic William of Brunswick-Oels, now succeeded him as duke of Brunswick, but was on the 16th June, 1815, killed in the action of Quatrebras. He left behind two sons, minors, the eldest of whom, Charles, succeeded him, but was, until 1823, under the guardianship of King George IV of Great Britain and Hanover. In 1880, after the French revolution of July, in Brunswick as well as elsewhere, it was for a while the fashion to imitate that revolution; Herzberg, the commander of the ducal troops, made common cause with the rebels, the ducal palace was set on fire, and, to be short, Peter was exchanged for Paul, and the duke's brother, William (born in 1806), is since the 25th April, 1831, reigning duke. Both he and his brother are yet unmarried, and should they die so, the duchy will be annexed to Hanover, as its king and descendants are the next legitimate heirs to Brunswick.
"The duchy is divided into 6 districts, and subdivided into bailiwicks. The districts of Brunswick, Wolfenbuttel, Helmstedt, Gandersheim, and Holzminden, comprise the ancient patrimonial state, styled principality of Wolfenbuttel, while the sixth district consists of the principality of Blankenburg, which in. 1599 was inherited by the ducal house of Brunswick...." (Ungewitter, pp. 444-446)
The Kingdom of Hanover
"History. "...Otto the great, about A. D. 940, conferred the duchy of Saxony on Hermann Billung, a Luneburg noble, in whose family it remained till 1106. The several branches of the house of Brunswick— now reduced to two, namely, Brunswick-Luneburg and Zelle, and the branch of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel—derive their descent from the margrave Azo d'Este, who possessed the Milanese, Genoa, and part of Lombardy. Azo coming into Germany with the emperor Conrad II. in the year 1030, and marrying the daughter and heiress of Guelph or Welph, a Bavarian nobleman, succeeded him in his domains. To his son, Welph the Fat, the emperor Henry IV gave the investiture of Bavaria, from which Otto, duke of Saxony, was driven for rebellion. Welph, who had married the marchioness of Tuscany, dying without issue, his Italian States and Bavarian possessions fell to his brother, Henry the Black, who obtained the county of Luneburg with his wife Wulfilde, daughter of Magnus, duke of Saxony. His son, Henry the Proud, having married the daughter of the emperor Lotharius received from his father-in-law, the duchy and investiture of Saxony, and the hereditary lands of Brunswick, Nordheim, and Supplingenburg; and the dominions of the family reached from the Rhine to the Vistula, when his son Henry reduced the Slavi on the coast of the Baltic. Henry, surnamed the Lion, made a pilgrimage to the East, as one of the crusaders, and brought away a very rich treasure of relics, gold and silver plate, and gems, collected during that expedition. In 1179, Henry was put under the ban of the empire by Frederic Barbarossa, or the Red Beard, and deprived of all his dominions in Italy and Suabia, with the duchies of Saxony and Bavaria. He was allowed, however, to retain Luneburg, some lordships, and his Slavonian conquests; but his descendants were stript of a considerable portion of these territories. His son Otto obtained the imperial dignity in 1209, and was crowned by Innocent III. Otto erected Luneburg and Brunswick into a duchy, in favour of his youngest brother William ; and his second brother, Henry, was count palatine of the Rhine. Frederic, successor of Otto, confirmed William in the possession of Luneburg and Brunswick. From William descended duke Magnus II., the common ancestor of the lines of Brunswick-Luneburg, and the first line of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel; his son Bernard being the founder of the former,—and Henry of the latter, which became extinct in 1634. Ernest, duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, the descendant of Bernard, dying in 1546, left four sons, of whom the two eldest left no heirs. His third son, Henry, was the founder of the second line of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel ; and his fourth son, William, continued that of Luneburg and Zelle. The Protestant religion was introduced by duke Ernest, in 1531, into his dominions ; and his grand nephew, Ernest Augustus, established the right of primogeniture in the Wilhelmine line, or that of Luneburg-Zell. George William, grandson of William, founder of the Wilhelmine line, succeeded his brother, Christian Lewis, in the duchies of Hanover and Zelle, and the counties of Hoya and Diepholz. By the failure of the first line of Wolfenbuttle, he obtained the principality of Calenberg. In 1675, he commanded an army sent to attack Treves, and relieve Monticuculi, who was opposed to Turenne and D'Asfelde, near Strasburg ; and effected his purpose by a decisive victory over marshal Crequi, Bt Consarbruck, which was followed by the reduction of Treves. He died in 1705, aged 81 years. Ernest Augustus, youngest brother of George William, married the princess Sophia, fifth daughter of Frederic V. the unfortunate elector palatine and king of Bohemia, and grand daughter of James I. of England, and VI. of Scotland. He commanded on the Rhine, under his brother George William, and supplied the emperor with a body of troops, to aid him against the Turks and revolted Hungarians. In return for these services, and to secure his friendship for the future, Leopold created a ninth electorate in his favour, in 1692. This creation met with great opposition in the electoral college and the college of princes; but at last, by a conclusum of the three colleges, on the 30th of January, 1708, it was unanimously determined that the electoral dignity should be confirmed to the house of Hanover, in the male line; and Ernest Augustus's son, George, was introduced into the electoral college, on the 12th of September, 1707. As George William, duke of Luneburg-Zell, had no male issue, and his only daughter was married to George, his brother Ernest's son, he settled his whole dominions upon Ernest and his posterity, in order to enable him to support the electoral dignity. Ernest died in 1698, and was succeeded by his son George Lewis. By virtue of an act of the British legislature, by which the crown was settled on his mother, the electress Sophia and her heirs, being Protestants, he was called to the succession on the death of queen Anne, in August, 1714. From this period, the history of Hanover becomes connected with that of Great Britain. In 1716, the duchies of Bremen and Verden being conquered by Denmark from Sweden, were sold to George I. for 700,000 rixdollars, or £130,000 sterling, and have ever since formed part of the Hanoverian dominions. George II., who succeeded his father in 1727, founded the university of Gottingen in 1738, and enlarged the Hanoverian territory by the acquisition of Hadeln and Bentheim. In the war of 1755, Hanover was invaded liy an army of 110,000 French ; and the duke of Cumberland being defeated at the battle of Hastenbeck, was necessitated to conclude a convention at Closterseven, under the mediation of his Danish majesty, by which 37,000 men were obliged to lay down their arms and return to their homes. But the French, who were then commanded by the duke de Richelieu, abused their conquest, by subjecting the whole country to pillage; and their commander—an old profligate courtier, and a parasite of Madam Pompadour of infamous memory—resolved not to lose the opportunity of repairing his finances with the plunder of the electorate. The poor Hanoverians plundered of their all, their villages and fields laid waste, and their country rendered a dreary and smoking wilderness, were so enraged, that they took up arms, and, under the command of prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, broke the disgraceful convention, and drove the French out of their country, and across the Rhine. In this campaign thu French lost 60,000 men,—a great number of whom were the victims of their own excesses. But the French court having re-enforced their army next year, prince Ferdinand—whose army did not amount to one-third of the French force—was compelled to re-cross the Rhine; and during the rest of the war, Hanover was miserably ravaged, as the allied army was never able to undertake offensive operations, or face the invading armies in the field. George II., during the Seven years' war, was succeeded, in 1760, by his grandson, George III., who, on the 30th September 1763, issued a very oppressive law—happily now abolished by the constitution of Hanover—by which every individual was forbidden to address himself immediately to the king either with petitions or complaints ; a regulation which of course placed the Hanoverian ministers in a very comfortable situation. Several exchanges of territory were made with Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel; and in 1802 the electorate of Hanover obtained the principality of Osnabruck for the cession of Hildesheim barony, and some oiher districts. In the war which broke oat between England and France, the latter refused to acknowledge the neutrality of the German States of the king of England, and on the 3d of January 1803, Hanover was occupied by French troops. In the third coalition the Russians and Swedes occupied Hanover on the retreat of the French, and the Hanoverian legion entered the Weser ; but the battle of Austerlitz changed the face of affairs. In 1806, Hanover was occupied by the Prussians, according to a treaty with France ; and in the same year, the war between France and Prussia broke out, and the French again occupied Hanover. By the treaty of Tilsit, a part of Hanover, namely, Grubenhagen and Osnabruck, Gottingen, and a part of Hohenstein. was joined to the kingdom of Westphalia, whilst the rest remained under French administration, and was afterwards incorporated into the French empire. This state of things had lasted not quite three years, when the battle of Leipzig restored Hanover to England; under the title of a kingdom, it obtained an augmentation of territory in the congress of Vienna, and made on the other hand some cessions. Count Munster, in his opening speech to the assembled States-general, informed them that the prince-regent would hold sacred the original rights of the States, but several modifications would be necessary in the exercise of these rights. In particular, the finances would require an uniform and firm administration. With respect to the debts contracted during the French occupation, though his royal highness could not allow the right of States to bind their posterity, by debts contracted under a foreign usurpation, and without the consent of their sovereign, yet he thought it advisable that they should be recognised under certain modifications. The people pleased with these promises, returned cheerfully to an allegiance which they had never willingly renounced." (Bell, pp. 371-374)
The Early Hanoverians
"The new royal house in England is sometimes called the House of Hanover, sometimes the House of Brunswick. It will be found that the latter name is Brunswick. more generally used in histories written during the last century, the former in books written in the present day. If the names were equally applicable, the modern use is the more convenient, because there is another, and in some respects well known, branch of the House of Brunswick; but no other has a right to the name of Hanover. It is, however, quite certain that, whatever the English use may be, Hanover is properly the name of a town and of a duchy, but that the electorate was Brunswick-Liineburg. During the last few weeks of Queen Anne's reign the heir was prayed for in the Liturgy of the Church of England as 'the Duke of Brunswick,' a petition substituted for that for the 'Princess Sophia.'
"The House of Brunswick was of noble origin, tracing itself back to a certain Guelph d'Este, nicknamed ' the Robust,' son of an Italian nobleman, who had been seeking his fortunes in Germany. Guelph married Judith, widow of the English King, Harold, who fell on the hill of Senlac, pierced in the eye, when the English were routed in the battle of Hastings. One of Guelph's descendants, later, married Maud, the daughter of King Henry II., probably the most powerful king in Europe of his day, at whose persuasion the Emperor conferred on the Guelphs the duchy of Brunswick. The son of this marriage became, for a short period, Emperor at a time when the Guelphs gained the upper hand in Germany; and fourteenth in descent from this same marriage is Ernest Augustus, first Elector of Brunswick-Liineburg. More than once the territories of the House of Brunswick were divided, and sometimes into several fragments, but by failure of heirs the parts were reunited. The story is told that the grandfather of Ernest Augustus, by name Duke William the Pious, had seven sons, who, seeing that if the territories were subdivided their influence would vanish, agreed that one only of them should marry, and that the dice selected his son George. He, in turn, had four sons, who divided their territories, though they made a compact somewhat similar to that of the previous generation. The whole was joined together once more under the youngest brother, Ernest Augustus." (Morris, p. 14)
Antiquities of the House of Brunswick
"Henry the Black was the founder of the German Principalities possessed by his family. He married Wolphidis, the sole heiress of Herman of Billung, the Duke of Saxony, and of his possessions on the Elbe. His son, Henry the Proud, married Gertrude, the heiress of the duchies of Saxony, Brunswick, and Hanover. Thus Henry the Proud,
"1st. As representing Azo, his great-grandfather,—inherited some part of the Italian possessions of the younger branch of the Estesine family: they chiefly lay on the southern side of the fall of the Po into the Adriatic: ...
"2d. As representing Count Boniface, the father of Princess Mechthildis--he inherited the Italian possessions of the elder branch of the Estesine family; they chiefly lay in Tuscany: some part of the possessions of the Princess Mechthildis also devolved to him:
"3d. As representing Cunegunda, his grandmother--he inherited the possessions of the Gulphs at Altorf:
"4th. As representing his mother, the sole heiress of Hermann of Billung--he inherited the possessions of the Saon family on the Elbe:
"5th. And through his wife--he transmitted the duchies of Saxon, Brunswick and Hanover.
"All these possessions descended to Henry the Lion, the son of Henry the Proud. He added to them Bavaria, onb the cession of Henry Jossemargott, and Lunenburgh and Mecklenburgh by conquest. Thus he became possessed of an extensive territory....
"In other words, his possessions filled a considerable portion of the territory between the Rhine, the Baltic, the Elbe and the Tyber.
"Unfortunately for him, in the quarrels between the Pope and the Emperor Barbarossa, he sided with the former. The emperor confiscated his possessions, but returned him his allodial estates in Brunswick, Hanover, and Lunenburgh ; he died in 1195. By his first wife he had no issue male : his second wife was Maud, the daughter of Henry the Second, King of England. By her he had several sons, all of whom died except William, called of Winchester from his being born in that city. William of Winchester had issue Otho, -called Puer, or the boy
"At the decease of Otho Puer, the partition of this illustrious house commences. The subject of these sheets leads only to the Lunenburgh branches of the Guelphic shoot of the Estesine line.
"On the death of Otho the boy, Brunswick and Lunenburgh, the only remains of the splendid possessions of his grandfather, William the Proud, were divided between his two sons, John and Albert: Lunenburgh was assigned to the former, Brunswick to the latter. Thus the former became the patriarch of, what is called, the Old House of Lunenburgh. Otho his son received Hanover as a fief from William Sigefred, the Bishop of Hildesheim. Otho had four sons; Otho his first son succeeded him, and dying without issue was succeeded by his brother William with the large feet. He died in 1369, without issue male; the two other sons of Otho the father also died without male issue.
''Thus there was a general failure of issue male of John, the patriarch of the old house of Lunenburgh. By the influence of the Emperor Charles the Fourth, Otho, elector of Saxony, who had married Elizabeth, the daughter of William, succeeded to the duchy. He died without issue, and left it, by his will, to his uncle Winceslaus, elector of Saxony. It was contested with him by Torquatus Magnus, duke of Saxony; the contest ended in a compromise; under which Bernard, the eldest son of Torquatus Magnus, obtained it, and became the patriarch of the Middle House of Luncnburgh ; he died in 1434. After several descents, it vested in Ernest of Zell, who introduced the Lutheran religion into his states.
"After his decease, his sons Henry and William for some time reigned conjointly; but William persuaded his brother to content himself with the country of Danneburgh; while he himself reigned over all the rest, and thus became the patriarch of the new House of Brunsrvick-Lunenburgh.
"He left seven sons; they agreed to cast lots which should marry, and to reign according to their seniority. The lot fell to George, the sixth of the Sops. Frederick was the survivor of them.
"On his decease, the duchy descended to Ernest Augustus, the son of George, with whom the Electoral House of Lunenburgh commences. His reism is remarkable for two circumstances : his advancement to the electoral dignity, and his wife Sophias being assigned, by an act of the British parliament, to be the royal stem of the Protestant succession to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland.
"On the demise of Queen Ann, George his son, in virtue of this act of parliament, succeeded to the British monarchy.
"The house of Brunswick-Lunenhurgh is now divided into branches, the German and the English. The former, under the title of Brunswick-Lunenburgh and Wolfenbuttel, possesses the duchies of Brunswick and Wolfenbuttel, and the countries of Blackenburgh and Reinskin, and reckons 160,000 subjects. The English, under the title of Brunswick-Lunenburgh and Hanover, possesses, with the electoral dignity, the electorate of Hanover, the duchies of Lunenburgh, Zell, Calemberg, Grubenhagen, Deepholt, Bentheim, Lawenburgh, Bremen, and Verdun, and counts 740,000 subjects." (Gibbon, pp. 203-206)
Territorial and Dynastic History
955: Bruno I, founder of the Brunonen dynasty, becomes count
1136: Heinrich "der Stolze," duke of Bavaria and Saxony, becomes count.
1180: Heinrich "der Löwe," duke of Bavaria and Saxony, becomes duke (the name Braunschweig [Brunswick] becomes gradually attached to the polity).
1181: Heinrich was placed under an imperial ban and the duchy was dismembered. He was allowed to retain his hereditary possessions, which consisted of a large part of Brunswick and Luneburg. The bulk of these lands came subsequently to Henry’s grandson, Otto.
1235: The polity is officially Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg; the style of the ruler is Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg; in theory, the entire polity retains this style, as do all the rulers despite the divisions. Anxious to be reconciled with the Welfs, the Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II, recognized Otto’s title and granted him the title of Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg. Otto added several counties and the town of Hanover to his possessions.
1267: Albrecht and Johann divided the duchy; Albert became duke of Brunswick and John, duke of Luneburg. Over the coming years, the dukes of Luneburg increased the area of their duchy.
1269: Division into Principality of Brunswick (Fürstentum Braunschweig) and Principality of Lüneburg.
1285: The duchy of Brunswick was divided between Duke Albrecht’s three sons, whose relations with each other were far from harmonious, and the lines of Wolfenbuttel, Gottingen and Grubenhagen were established.
1286: Fürstentum Grubenhagen (extinct 14 Apr 1596) and Fürstentum Göttingen detached from Brunswick.
1292: The Wolfenbuttel branch died out.
1345: The Wolfenbuttel branch was re-founded by Magnus I, a younger member of the Gottingen family.
1369: The family of the dukes of Luneburg eventually died out and a stubborn contest took place for its possession. Claimed by Magnus II, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, this prince was forced by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV to abandon his pretensions.
1388: Magnus II’s sons, Friedrich, Bernhard, and Heinrich succeeded in incorporating Luneburg with Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel.
1400: Heinrich the Mild established the House of Brunswick and his descendants would rule until 1634.
1428: Bernhard I, the only survivor of the three sons of Magnus II, was forced to make a division of the duchy, by which he received Luneburg, while his nephews, Wilhelm and Heinrich, obtained Brunswick."
1432: Fürstentum Calenberg detached from Brunswick. Wilhelm and Heinrich divided Brunswick into Calenberg and Wolfenbuttel.
1807-1813: Incorporated into Kingdom of Westphalia.
1813: Allied administration.
1813: Duchy of Brunswick (Herzogtum Braunschweig).
RULERS OF BRAUNSCHWEG
WILHELM
Duke of Luneburg, 1195-1213
the Child (Lat. Puer)
"...Otho, son of William, son of Henry the Lion, emancipated himself A. D. 1235, from this dependence. At a diet held at Metz, he surrendered to the emperor Frederick his allodial possessions, and received them, with the title of duke, as a princely fief which was hereditary even on the daughter's side... Otho remained faithful to the emperor, and obtained the above-mentioned and other important benefits; and transmitted his domains to his posterity, of whose possessions, in all parts of the world, they now form only an insignificant part." (von Muller, pp. 187-188)
"Otto, Puer, or the Boy, born 12O4, first created Duke of Brunswic-Luneburg, being the heir of his father, and of his uncle Otto. He went against Lubeck 1226, was taken prisoner by Henry, Count of Schwerin, and released 1227- On the death of his uncle Henry, the Long, he laid claim to Brunswic, as heir male; but this being contested, he besieged and took it 1228, and stated himself Duke of Brunswic the same year, and gave and confirmed to it many privileges. Pope Gregory IX. offered to make him Emperor in opposition to Frideric II. but he refused it. The Emperor having some pretensions to the dominions of Brunswic, out of gratitude to Otto, and for his services, and that he might take all his allodial dominions as a fief of the German empire, invested him at the Diet of Mentz, 21st August, 1235, with the territories of Brunswic and Luneburg, in such a way that the daughters should be capable of inheriting in failure of sons He built the city of Woldenstein, near Stauffenburg, and died 9th June, 1252, aged forty-eight...."
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ALBRECHT I, Duke of Braunschweig and Luneburg, 1252-1279, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (ALBRECHT I), 1269-1279 (1236-1279)
"Otto, Puer, or the Boy, born 12O4, first created Duke of Brunswic-Luneburg, being the heir of his father, and of his uncle Otto. He went against Lubeck 1226, was taken prisoner by Henry, Count of Schwerin, and released 1227- On the death of his uncle Henry, the Long, he laid claim to Brunswic, as heir male; but this being contested, he besieged and took it 1228, and stated himself Duke of Brunswic the same year, and gave and confirmed to it many privileges. Pope Gregory IX. offered to make him Emperor in opposition to Frideric II. but he refused it. The Emperor having some pretensions to the dominions of Brunswic, out of gratitude to Otto, and for his services, and that he might take all his allodial dominions as a fief of the German empire, invested him at the Diet of Mentz, 21st August, 1235, with the territories of Brunswic and Luneburg, in such a way that the daughters should be capable of inheriting in failure of sons He built the city of Woldenstein, near Stauffenburg, and died 9th June, 1252, aged forty-eight...."
the Great
the Tall
"ALBRECHT, duke of Brunswick, called by historians 'the Great,' son of Duke Otho the Child, was born in 1236... His father dying in 1252, Albrecht gave in his sixteenth year an indication of his daring and energetic character, by taking the reins of government into his own hands, and assuming the office of guardian of his younger brothers. In 1254 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sophia of Brabant, with whom he lived seven years in a childless marriage. He was knighted on the occasion of the tournament held in honour of his nuptials. Not long after his marriage he was involved in a feud with Gerhard, archbishop of Mayence. Hostilities were carried on after a desultory fashion for a considerable tune; but in 1258, while Albrecht was engaged in the siege of Asseburg, Gerhard and his allies made an incursion into the district of Gottingen. Wilke, the duke's principal officer in that quarter, fell upon them unexpectedly: the archbishop was taken prisoner, and obliged to purchase his freedom with the outlay of a considerable part of the money with which Richard of Cornwall had purchased his vote at the imperial election. The garrison of Asseburg, notwithstanding the failure of this attempt at a diversion in its favour, made such an obstinate defence that Albrecht was glad to get possession of the castle on the condition of allowing the garrison to march out with the honours of war. Hostilities were terminated towards the close of the year by the election of Albrecht's brother Otho to be bishop of Hildesheim. He immediately turned his arms against the margrave Heinrich of Meissen, having embraced the cause of his wife's brother in the disputes regarding that territory. He acquired some fame, but little profit, in this campaign. After the death of his wife Sophia (1261), Albrecht engaged in a kind of knight-errant expedition to Denmark, in hopes to win for himself a wife and a crown. He succeeded in liberating Queen Margaret from the prison in which she and her son, afterwards Eric IV., were kept by the Count of Holstein; was appointed regent of the kingdom, and flattered with expectations of the queen's hand. His government, however, partly on account of a natural severity of disposition, and partly on account of his yielding too much to the queen's excessive appetite for revenge, was so oppressive, that the Danes rebelled, and in 1263 he returned to his own country. Here he learned that during his absence the fortune of the war in Meissen had turned against his brother-in-law. He assembled the neighbouring nobles at a tournament in 1263, and having persuaded them to join him, broke immediately into the territory of Meissen. He was taken prisoner, and only recovered his liberty, after two years' confinement, upon ceding eight towns and castles to the margrave, and paying in addition a ransom of 8000 marks. After recovering his liberty he proceeded to England for the purpose of marrying Adelheid of Monferrato, a niece of the Queen of England. This alliance, it appears from letters in Rymer's Foedera (i. 751. 738.), had been contemplated at an earlier period, but had been broken off, probably in consequence of his Danish engagement. A letter of Henry III. to the collectors of the customs in London (Rymer, i. 838.) intimates that the duke had contracted debts in the city on that occasion which he was unable to discharge, and directs them to furnish him with the means. Notwithstanding this high matrimonial alliance, Albrecht's finances continued in such a dilapidated condition that when the Hohenstaufen line became extinct by the execution of Corradino in 1268, he, who had the best claim to the lands in Suabia, of which that family had deprived his ancestors, was unable to take part in the scramble for their succession. He appears to have obtained more for others than for himself: the privileges granted in 1266 by Henry III. to the merchants of Lubeck trading to London appear to have been conceded at the request of the Duke of Brunswick. The income of the Duke of Brunswick was not increased by the partition of the territories comprised within the dukedom between himself and his brother Johann, which was projected and carried into effect in 1268-9. It is possible, however, that this arrangement gave him the power of introducing better order into the management of his finances: at least from this period his resources seem to have kept steadily improving. Johann received for his share Luneburg and the lands between the Deister and the Leine; all the rest fell to Albrecht, with the exception of the town of Brunswick, which they continued to possess in common, exercising also in common all rights of feudal and territorial superiority. Albrecht had now attained his thirty-sixth year, and from this time forward his career is unmarked by any such self-sacrifices as engaged him in the wars of his brother-inlaw, or any such romantic projects of aggrandizement as lured him to Denmark. It would extend this sketch to an undue length to recapitulate all the acquisitions of territory which he made in the course of the next eight years. They were chiefly at the expense of his own feudal vassals, or the neighbouring nobles: sometimes he obtained grants from the free towns for defending them against the rapacious knights in their vicinity. The policy of conciliating the towns then rising into importance, of which the solicitation of privileges for the merchants of Liibeck at London was the first indication, was steadily adhered to by Albrecht. He protected the citizens of Hamburg, Lubeck, etc., while in his territories; and conferred extensive privileges on many of his own towns. On the other hand he rather sought to place himself in opposition to the church. That two of his brothers were bishops (at Hildesheim and Verden) was only in so far of advantage to him that it relieved him from the necessity of maintaining them. With all the rest of the prelates in the north of Germany (and sometimes even with them) he was almost constantly engaged in hostilities. His first enemy, the Archbishop of Mayence, was his enemy to the last. Unable to gain any advantage over him by arms, this prelate had recourse to excommunication; but this Albrecht endured with an equanimity rare in that age. He paid great attention to the proceedings in the provincial law courts in his states, and often presided in person. Rudolf I. intrusted Albrecht in 1277 with the management of the imperial domains in Nether Saxony. The duke's brother Johann dying about the same tune, he obtained as guardian of his infant nephew the entire control in his portion of the duchy. The concentrated power thus placed in his hands the experience of ten years of skilful and statesmanlike government promised to enable him to turn to account. He did not however long survive this augmentation of his power: he died on the 15th of September 1279, in the forty-third year of his age, before he could accomplish any of the great undertakings which were expected from him, leaving his sons by a third wife, Heinrich and Albrecht, heirs to his territories. (Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte des durchlauchtigsten Ifauses Braunschweig und Liineburg, Braunschweig, 1764, 8vo. ; Origines Guelficce, edidit C. L. Scheidius, Hanoverse, 1753, fol. iv. 6—18 ; Rymer's Fcedera, vols. i. and ii.) W. W." (SDUK, pp. 727-728)
"...Albert...governed the entire duchy for some time; but the country was afterwards divided between him and his younger brother John, who was the first duke of Luneburg." (Wright, p. 859)
the Tall
"ALBRECHT, duke of Brunswick, called by historians 'the Great,' son of Duke Otho the Child, was born in 1236... His father dying in 1252, Albrecht gave in his sixteenth year an indication of his daring and energetic character, by taking the reins of government into his own hands, and assuming the office of guardian of his younger brothers. In 1254 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sophia of Brabant, with whom he lived seven years in a childless marriage. He was knighted on the occasion of the tournament held in honour of his nuptials. Not long after his marriage he was involved in a feud with Gerhard, archbishop of Mayence. Hostilities were carried on after a desultory fashion for a considerable tune; but in 1258, while Albrecht was engaged in the siege of Asseburg, Gerhard and his allies made an incursion into the district of Gottingen. Wilke, the duke's principal officer in that quarter, fell upon them unexpectedly: the archbishop was taken prisoner, and obliged to purchase his freedom with the outlay of a considerable part of the money with which Richard of Cornwall had purchased his vote at the imperial election. The garrison of Asseburg, notwithstanding the failure of this attempt at a diversion in its favour, made such an obstinate defence that Albrecht was glad to get possession of the castle on the condition of allowing the garrison to march out with the honours of war. Hostilities were terminated towards the close of the year by the election of Albrecht's brother Otho to be bishop of Hildesheim. He immediately turned his arms against the margrave Heinrich of Meissen, having embraced the cause of his wife's brother in the disputes regarding that territory. He acquired some fame, but little profit, in this campaign. After the death of his wife Sophia (1261), Albrecht engaged in a kind of knight-errant expedition to Denmark, in hopes to win for himself a wife and a crown. He succeeded in liberating Queen Margaret from the prison in which she and her son, afterwards Eric IV., were kept by the Count of Holstein; was appointed regent of the kingdom, and flattered with expectations of the queen's hand. His government, however, partly on account of a natural severity of disposition, and partly on account of his yielding too much to the queen's excessive appetite for revenge, was so oppressive, that the Danes rebelled, and in 1263 he returned to his own country. Here he learned that during his absence the fortune of the war in Meissen had turned against his brother-in-law. He assembled the neighbouring nobles at a tournament in 1263, and having persuaded them to join him, broke immediately into the territory of Meissen. He was taken prisoner, and only recovered his liberty, after two years' confinement, upon ceding eight towns and castles to the margrave, and paying in addition a ransom of 8000 marks. After recovering his liberty he proceeded to England for the purpose of marrying Adelheid of Monferrato, a niece of the Queen of England. This alliance, it appears from letters in Rymer's Foedera (i. 751. 738.), had been contemplated at an earlier period, but had been broken off, probably in consequence of his Danish engagement. A letter of Henry III. to the collectors of the customs in London (Rymer, i. 838.) intimates that the duke had contracted debts in the city on that occasion which he was unable to discharge, and directs them to furnish him with the means. Notwithstanding this high matrimonial alliance, Albrecht's finances continued in such a dilapidated condition that when the Hohenstaufen line became extinct by the execution of Corradino in 1268, he, who had the best claim to the lands in Suabia, of which that family had deprived his ancestors, was unable to take part in the scramble for their succession. He appears to have obtained more for others than for himself: the privileges granted in 1266 by Henry III. to the merchants of Lubeck trading to London appear to have been conceded at the request of the Duke of Brunswick. The income of the Duke of Brunswick was not increased by the partition of the territories comprised within the dukedom between himself and his brother Johann, which was projected and carried into effect in 1268-9. It is possible, however, that this arrangement gave him the power of introducing better order into the management of his finances: at least from this period his resources seem to have kept steadily improving. Johann received for his share Luneburg and the lands between the Deister and the Leine; all the rest fell to Albrecht, with the exception of the town of Brunswick, which they continued to possess in common, exercising also in common all rights of feudal and territorial superiority. Albrecht had now attained his thirty-sixth year, and from this time forward his career is unmarked by any such self-sacrifices as engaged him in the wars of his brother-inlaw, or any such romantic projects of aggrandizement as lured him to Denmark. It would extend this sketch to an undue length to recapitulate all the acquisitions of territory which he made in the course of the next eight years. They were chiefly at the expense of his own feudal vassals, or the neighbouring nobles: sometimes he obtained grants from the free towns for defending them against the rapacious knights in their vicinity. The policy of conciliating the towns then rising into importance, of which the solicitation of privileges for the merchants of Liibeck at London was the first indication, was steadily adhered to by Albrecht. He protected the citizens of Hamburg, Lubeck, etc., while in his territories; and conferred extensive privileges on many of his own towns. On the other hand he rather sought to place himself in opposition to the church. That two of his brothers were bishops (at Hildesheim and Verden) was only in so far of advantage to him that it relieved him from the necessity of maintaining them. With all the rest of the prelates in the north of Germany (and sometimes even with them) he was almost constantly engaged in hostilities. His first enemy, the Archbishop of Mayence, was his enemy to the last. Unable to gain any advantage over him by arms, this prelate had recourse to excommunication; but this Albrecht endured with an equanimity rare in that age. He paid great attention to the proceedings in the provincial law courts in his states, and often presided in person. Rudolf I. intrusted Albrecht in 1277 with the management of the imperial domains in Nether Saxony. The duke's brother Johann dying about the same tune, he obtained as guardian of his infant nephew the entire control in his portion of the duchy. The concentrated power thus placed in his hands the experience of ten years of skilful and statesmanlike government promised to enable him to turn to account. He did not however long survive this augmentation of his power: he died on the 15th of September 1279, in the forty-third year of his age, before he could accomplish any of the great undertakings which were expected from him, leaving his sons by a third wife, Heinrich and Albrecht, heirs to his territories. (Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte des durchlauchtigsten Ifauses Braunschweig und Liineburg, Braunschweig, 1764, 8vo. ; Origines Guelficce, edidit C. L. Scheidius, Hanoverse, 1753, fol. iv. 6—18 ; Rymer's Fcedera, vols. i. and ii.) W. W." (SDUK, pp. 727-728)
"...Albert...governed the entire duchy for some time; but the country was afterwards divided between him and his younger brother John, who was the first duke of Luneburg." (Wright, p. 859)
"...[T]he patriarch of the old house of Luneburg, which country he received from his brother Albert, at the partition of his father's dominions 1269." (Collins & Brydges)
"He was the son of Duke John I. (of Lunenburg (d.1277) and the Duchess of Holstein Liutgard. Otto was underage when his father died, so the administration of the country was initially led by his uncle, Duke Albrecht († 1279), and after his death by his uncle, Konrad of Brunswick, Bishop of Verden (d.1299). His reign was marked by a number of mortgages financed by feuds, which were based on cross-border and property disputes with its neighbors. Otto restricted the rights of the nobility, and preserved the public peace. The settlements Harburg, Dahlenburg (1289) and Celle (1292) received municipal privileges. 1302 he earned for 6500 silver marks the county Wölpe. In the ambiguous choice of a king in 1313 Otto joined with his brother Louis of Bavaria, from whom he would borrow in 1315, the imperial fiefs. November 1315, Otto took a succession scheme, according to which should succeed him two sons, Otto and William shared within government."
WILHELM
Duke of Braunschweig, 1279-1292, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1279-1292 (1270-1292)
HEINRICH I
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen (HEINRICH I), 1279-1322 (1267-1322)
the Peculiar
the Strange
the Wonderful
"Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, called the Strange (Mirabilis)...the first duke of the newly established principality Grubenhagen since 1291. The name Grubenhagen first arose around 1617, the previous name of the principality is unknown.. Henry was the son of Duke Albert I of Brunswick-Lüneburg. When he died in 1279, whose three sons had to share the Brunswick heritage. Henry was 1291, the newly formed Grubenhagen with the cities and castles Einbeck, Osterode am Harz, Herzberg am Harz, and Duderstadt. Henry was known as the founder of the pit Hagen Guelph Line in the story. Because of the previous litigations were allowed to name only the pit Hagener Welf Duke of Brunswick, Lüneburg was named as a part of them only in the 16th Jahrhundert zugesprochen. Century awarded. His younger brother Albert led Feiste Duke Albrecht II, the line of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel gone, and his youngest brother William inherited the house of Brunswick. The Government of Henry in Grubenhagen is surrounded by many legends. It is known that Henry led many unsuccessful feuds, which had a deep need of money to follow. Hence his nickname is due to the oddity. He was a popular and well-known prince, who was entrusted by the king, the Saxon Pfalzgrafenamt. Henry was traded by some princes and electors as a possible successor to King Rudolf I of the House of Habsburg. In his place, however, was the relatively unknown 1291 Count Adolf of Nassau was elected king. Henry died in 1322 and was buried in Brunswick Cathedral. His sons divided the duchy under on, Henry became duke de Graecia (of Greece), his second son Ernest became duke was at Osterode and his youngest son, William, Duke of Herzberg. († 1485), the Duchy Grubenhagen was reunited. (Wikipedia)
"Henry, the Wonderful, had the principalities of Grubenhagen and SaJtz der Helden; the towns of Hatneln, Osterode, and Duderstadt, with a third part of the spiritualities of Brunswich, &c. He began to reign 1279, and rebuilt the casile of Wolfenbutlcl 1283. He died 1322. His male posterity became extinct in 1595." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
ALBRECHT II
Duke of Braunschweig-Göttingen, 1279-1318 (1268-1318)
WILHELM
Duke of Braunschweig, 1279-1292, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1279-1292 (1270-1292)
HEINRICH I
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen (HEINRICH I), 1279-1322 (1267-1322)
the Peculiar
the Strange
the Wonderful
"Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, called the Strange (Mirabilis)...the first duke of the newly established principality Grubenhagen since 1291. The name Grubenhagen first arose around 1617, the previous name of the principality is unknown.. Henry was the son of Duke Albert I of Brunswick-Lüneburg. When he died in 1279, whose three sons had to share the Brunswick heritage. Henry was 1291, the newly formed Grubenhagen with the cities and castles Einbeck, Osterode am Harz, Herzberg am Harz, and Duderstadt. Henry was known as the founder of the pit Hagen Guelph Line in the story. Because of the previous litigations were allowed to name only the pit Hagener Welf Duke of Brunswick, Lüneburg was named as a part of them only in the 16th Jahrhundert zugesprochen. Century awarded. His younger brother Albert led Feiste Duke Albrecht II, the line of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel gone, and his youngest brother William inherited the house of Brunswick. The Government of Henry in Grubenhagen is surrounded by many legends. It is known that Henry led many unsuccessful feuds, which had a deep need of money to follow. Hence his nickname is due to the oddity. He was a popular and well-known prince, who was entrusted by the king, the Saxon Pfalzgrafenamt. Henry was traded by some princes and electors as a possible successor to King Rudolf I of the House of Habsburg. In his place, however, was the relatively unknown 1291 Count Adolf of Nassau was elected king. Henry died in 1322 and was buried in Brunswick Cathedral. His sons divided the duchy under on, Henry became duke de Graecia (of Greece), his second son Ernest became duke was at Osterode and his youngest son, William, Duke of Herzberg. († 1485), the Duchy Grubenhagen was reunited. (Wikipedia)
"Henry, the Wonderful, had the principalities of Grubenhagen and SaJtz der Helden; the towns of Hatneln, Osterode, and Duderstadt, with a third part of the spiritualities of Brunswich, &c. He began to reign 1279, and rebuilt the casile of Wolfenbutlcl 1283. He died 1322. His male posterity became extinct in 1595." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
ALBRECHT II
Duke of Braunschweig-Göttingen, 1279-1318 (1268-1318)
Albrecht I of Braunschweig
the Fat
Adelaide of Montferrat
Regent for her son Albrect II, 1279-1282
"ALBRECHT the Corpulent (der feiste, pinguis) of Brunswick, the second son of Albrecht the Great, is the common ancestor of the reigning house of Brunswick. and its junior branch the royal house of Hanover. His mother acted in his name from the death of his father, 1279 till 1282, when Albrecht, having been knighted by Magnus, king of Sweden, appears to have assumed the management of his own affairs. In 1286 Albrecht formed a compact with his elder brother Heinrich, to the effect that the territories which both had acquired by marriage should be held in common like those which had devolved to them by right of inheritance ; that the ecclesiastical fiefs should be administered in common, and neither should grant a temporal fief to any vassal without the consent of the other ; that neither should alienate any lands, or appoint stewards or similar officers, without the other's consent; that neither should engage in hostilities without the other's consent; and that both should take care to live so economically as to prevent the lands of the duchy from being burdened with debt. These amicable relations between the brothers did not last long. In 1288 Albrecht and a younger brother, Wilhelm, embraced the party of Sigfried, bishop of Hildesheim, who was at war with Heinrich, and besieged their brother in the town of Helmstadt. These hostilities terminated in a compromise. In 1291 the three brothers were in arms against the bishop, but their alliance was not very cordial: Albrecht and Wilhelm concluded a separate peace, and Heinrich was obliged to follow their example. Wilhelm died in 1292. Albrecht, on what grounds it does not appear, laid claim to be his sole heir, and Heinrich's opposition again led to a war between them. The period at which these hostilities terminated and the final arrangement of the brothers respecting the contested succession are unknown. Albrecht was expensive in his habits, and notwithstanding the compact of 1286, he sold more lands and privileges than he acquired. It was to his necessities much more than to his liberality or talent as a ruler that many important improvements made in the laws of the duchy and their administration in his day were owing. Helmstadt and Brunswick obtained important extensions of their liberties in return for sums advanced to their needy master ; and in 1293 the judicial organisation of his territories was materially improved by an ordinance published at Munden, apparently in return for pecuniary assistance from the Landstande. Albrecht the Corpulent died in 1318, leaving by his wife Rixa a large family, of which the three brothers Otho, Magnus, and Ernst succeeded to his lands and dignities. Albrecht became bishop of Halberstadt, and Heinrich bishop of Hildesheim. (Versuch finer pragmatischen Geschichte des durchlauchtigsten Houses Braunschweig und Liineburg. Braunschweig, 1764, 8vo.) W. W." (SDUK, p. 728-729)
"Albert, Pinguis, or the Fat, next brother, had by his father's will Gottingen, the towns of Neideck, Minden, Otteusburg, &rc. the county of Northeim, and the lands between the Dcister, and the Leine, with a third of the spiritualities of Brunwic. He died 1318
the Fat
Adelaide of Montferrat
Regent for her son Albrect II, 1279-1282
"ALBRECHT the Corpulent (der feiste, pinguis) of Brunswick, the second son of Albrecht the Great, is the common ancestor of the reigning house of Brunswick. and its junior branch the royal house of Hanover. His mother acted in his name from the death of his father, 1279 till 1282, when Albrecht, having been knighted by Magnus, king of Sweden, appears to have assumed the management of his own affairs. In 1286 Albrecht formed a compact with his elder brother Heinrich, to the effect that the territories which both had acquired by marriage should be held in common like those which had devolved to them by right of inheritance ; that the ecclesiastical fiefs should be administered in common, and neither should grant a temporal fief to any vassal without the consent of the other ; that neither should alienate any lands, or appoint stewards or similar officers, without the other's consent; that neither should engage in hostilities without the other's consent; and that both should take care to live so economically as to prevent the lands of the duchy from being burdened with debt. These amicable relations between the brothers did not last long. In 1288 Albrecht and a younger brother, Wilhelm, embraced the party of Sigfried, bishop of Hildesheim, who was at war with Heinrich, and besieged their brother in the town of Helmstadt. These hostilities terminated in a compromise. In 1291 the three brothers were in arms against the bishop, but their alliance was not very cordial: Albrecht and Wilhelm concluded a separate peace, and Heinrich was obliged to follow their example. Wilhelm died in 1292. Albrecht, on what grounds it does not appear, laid claim to be his sole heir, and Heinrich's opposition again led to a war between them. The period at which these hostilities terminated and the final arrangement of the brothers respecting the contested succession are unknown. Albrecht was expensive in his habits, and notwithstanding the compact of 1286, he sold more lands and privileges than he acquired. It was to his necessities much more than to his liberality or talent as a ruler that many important improvements made in the laws of the duchy and their administration in his day were owing. Helmstadt and Brunswick obtained important extensions of their liberties in return for sums advanced to their needy master ; and in 1293 the judicial organisation of his territories was materially improved by an ordinance published at Munden, apparently in return for pecuniary assistance from the Landstande. Albrecht the Corpulent died in 1318, leaving by his wife Rixa a large family, of which the three brothers Otho, Magnus, and Ernst succeeded to his lands and dignities. Albrecht became bishop of Halberstadt, and Heinrich bishop of Hildesheim. (Versuch finer pragmatischen Geschichte des durchlauchtigsten Houses Braunschweig und Liineburg. Braunschweig, 1764, 8vo.) W. W." (SDUK, p. 728-729)
"Albert, Pinguis, or the Fat, next brother, had by his father's will Gottingen, the towns of Neideck, Minden, Otteusburg, &rc. the county of Northeim, and the lands between the Dcister, and the Leine, with a third of the spiritualities of Brunwic. He died 1318
OTTO II of Brunswick-Luneburg, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, 1318-1344(1292-1344)
the Liberal
the Mild
the Mild
"The third in the list of reigning princes, at the period under review, was Otho the Liberal. This prince had Gottingen for his proper patrimony, but governed, during the minority of his young brothers Magnus and Ernest, the whole of that portion of the duchy of Brunswick which had been originally given to their father, Albert the Fat. He died in 1344, without heirs, when Magnus, who was surnamed the Pious, succeeded him at Brunswick, and Ernest his younger brother got Gottingen...." (Halliday, p. 108)
OTTO III, Duke of Braunschweig-Göttingen (OTTO III), 1318-1344 (1296-1352)
Otto IV of Braunschweig
the Mild
MAGNUS I, Duke of Braunschweig-Göttingen, 1318-1369, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1345-1369 (1304-1369)
the Pious
the Mild
MAGNUS I, Duke of Braunschweig-Göttingen, 1318-1369, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1345-1369 (1304-1369)
the Pious
ERNST I, Duke of Braunschweig-Göttingen, 1318-1367 (1305-1367)
HEINRICH II, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1322-1351 (1289-1351)
Heinrich of Greece
the Grecian
Heinrich of Greece
the Grecian
OTTO IV, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1330-1352
WILHELM III, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (WILHELM I), 1330-1369 (1330-1369)
Wilhelm III of Braunschweig
ERNST I, Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode and Salz-der-Helden, 1322-1361 (1297-1361)
WILHELM III, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (WILHELM I), 1330-1369 (1330-1369)
Wilhelm III of Braunschweig
ERNST I, Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode and Salz-der-Helden, 1322-1361 (1297-1361)
FRIEDRICH I, Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1361-1420
OTTO V, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1351-1376 (?-1398)
OTTO VI, Duke of Braunschweig-Göttingen, 1367-1394
Otto II of Braunschweig-Göttingen
Quade
MAGNUS I, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1345-1369
OTTO, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1351-1399
ALBRECHT II, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen (ALBRECHT I), Braunschweig-Einbeck and Braunschweig-Salz-der-Helden, 1361-1383 (1339-1383)
Albrecht II of Braunschweig
OTTO V, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1351-1376 (?-1398)
OTTO VI, Duke of Braunschweig-Göttingen, 1367-1394
Otto II of Braunschweig-Göttingen
Quade
MAGNUS I, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1345-1369
OTTO, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1351-1399
ALBRECHT II, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen (ALBRECHT I), Braunschweig-Einbeck and Braunschweig-Salz-der-Helden, 1361-1383 (1339-1383)
Albrecht II of Braunschweig
"ALBRECHT II. of Brunswick was great grandson of Albrecht the Great. The portion of the ducal possessions which fell to the share of his grandfather Heinrich the Wonderful (Mirabilis) had, after being divided between his father Ernst and uncle Heinrich, been reunited in the person of the former, on the death of the latter's sons without issue. The united territory was governed in common by Ernst, Albrecht II., and three brothers of the latter, the two elder of whom died before him. The surviving brother, Friedrich, being the youngest of the family, took little concern in public affairs till after the death of Albrecht, and hence Albrecht is generally regarded as sole regent of the branch of the Brunswick family known by the designation of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen from 1361 to 1384. He has the reputation of having been an admirer of historical writings : his character as a ruler is less favourable. From his castle Salz der Helden he made predatory inroads into the territories of his neighbours like a common " Raub-ritter" of the time. Nor was he sufficiently master of that disreputable profession to gain by it. The margrave of Meissen reduced him in 1365, notwithstanding his castlewas defended by a cannon said to have been the first ever fired in Lower Saxony, to such extremities, that he was glad to purchase peace by ceding some of his best towns. His necessities obliged him to pawn many lordships to neighbouring nobles, and to sell privileges to the burghers of the more powerful towns. It thus happened that he left his dukedom materially curtailed and burdened with debts to his successors. It may be worth notice that Albrecht and his brothers were the first to introduce the white horse, the family arms, in their privy seals. (Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte des durchlauchtigsten Hauses Braunschweig und Liineburg. Braunschweig, 1764, 8vo.) W. W." (SDUK, p. 729)
MAGNUS II (1328-1373)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1369-1373
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1369-1373
With the Chain
Torquatus
MAGNUS II (1328-1373)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1369-1373
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1369-1373
With the Chain
Torquatus
Rudolf II of Braunschweig-Luneburg. 1369-1379
Ernst of Braunschweig-Blankenau, 1369-1385
FRIEDRICH
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1373-1400
Duke of Braunschweig-Einbeck (FRIEDRICH II), 1373-1400 (1357-1400)
Friedrich I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
BERNHARD I, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1373-1434 (1358/64-1434)
FRIEDRICH
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1373-1400
Duke of Braunschweig-Einbeck (FRIEDRICH II), 1373-1400 (1357-1400)
Friedrich I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
BERNHARD I, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1373-1434 (1358/64-1434)
"Bernhard I. reigned in conjunction with his younger brother Henry II. until 1434), when against the agreement of A. D. 1374, made by him and the rest of his brothers, after the death of his father Magnus Torquatus, they partitioned their territories. Bernhard had Brunswic, the county of Eberstein, and the cily of Hanover; but he afterwards exchanged his dominions for those of his nephews, A. D. 1428, when he took the dukedom of Luneburg, and was the patriarch of the middle house. He died 1434...." (Collins & Brydges, )
HEINRICH II, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1388-1409 (jointly with Bernhard I), Duke of Braunschweig-WolfenbütteL, 1400-1409, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (HEINRICH I), 1409-1416 (sole rule) (?-1416)
Heinrich II of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Mild
the Mild
HEINRICH III, 1373-1416
OTTO VII
Duke of Braunschweig-Göttingen (OTTO II), 1394-1442 (1380-1463)
Otto VII of Braunschweig
the One-eyed
Cocles
ERICH I
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen (ERICH I), 1383-1427
Duke of Braunschweig-Einbeck, and Braunschweig-Salz-der-Helden (1383-1427)
the Victorious (Ger. der Sieger)
"Erich was the only son of the late 1383 Duke Albrecht I of Grubenhagen and rose to 1401 under the tutelage of his uncle, Duke Frederick of Grubenhagen-Osterode. 1402 he joined with him a contract for the government of the country and moved his residence to Salzderhelden. Disputes with his cousins, Bernard I., and Frederick I of Lüneburg, with the city of Brunswick, with his former guardian, with the counts of Schwarzburg and the Landgrave of Thuringia were soon settled. 1406 Erich was captured in a clash with the Lords of Hardenberg in Lindau (Eichsfeld) and after issuance of a written oath of truce and a guarantee from the city of Osterode am Harz released. 1415 Erich fighting the Earl of Hohnstein because of claims by both sides in the county Lauterberg or border disputes, and defeated them at the village Osterhagen. Count Günther fell from Hohnstein, the Count Henry and Ernest were captured and had to redeem their claims under renunciation of 8000 guilders. Further disputes with the Lords of Bortfeld, Erich against an alliance with the City of Brunswick closed, and 1424 with the Landgrave Frederick the peacemakers of Thuringia for the city Einbeck was soon settled. 1422 Erich received from the abbess of Gandersheim (Agnes II, Princess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen), the castle and the forest Elbingerode as a fiefdom, 1424, the dukes of Grubenhagen Duderstadt received, Gieboldehausen and Mark Golden as a fief of the Abbess of Quedlinburg (Adelaide Countess von Isenburg). With his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Duke Otto of Quaden of Göttingen, Erich had five daughters and three sons. Henry III. And Albert II, followed him, Ernst was III. Provost in Einbeck." (Wikipedia)
OTTO VII
Duke of Braunschweig-Göttingen (OTTO II), 1394-1442 (1380-1463)
Otto VII of Braunschweig
the One-eyed
Cocles
ERICH I
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen (ERICH I), 1383-1427
Duke of Braunschweig-Einbeck, and Braunschweig-Salz-der-Helden (1383-1427)
the Victorious (Ger. der Sieger)
"Erich was the only son of the late 1383 Duke Albrecht I of Grubenhagen and rose to 1401 under the tutelage of his uncle, Duke Frederick of Grubenhagen-Osterode. 1402 he joined with him a contract for the government of the country and moved his residence to Salzderhelden. Disputes with his cousins, Bernard I., and Frederick I of Lüneburg, with the city of Brunswick, with his former guardian, with the counts of Schwarzburg and the Landgrave of Thuringia were soon settled. 1406 Erich was captured in a clash with the Lords of Hardenberg in Lindau (Eichsfeld) and after issuance of a written oath of truce and a guarantee from the city of Osterode am Harz released. 1415 Erich fighting the Earl of Hohnstein because of claims by both sides in the county Lauterberg or border disputes, and defeated them at the village Osterhagen. Count Günther fell from Hohnstein, the Count Henry and Ernest were captured and had to redeem their claims under renunciation of 8000 guilders. Further disputes with the Lords of Bortfeld, Erich against an alliance with the City of Brunswick closed, and 1424 with the Landgrave Frederick the peacemakers of Thuringia for the city Einbeck was soon settled. 1422 Erich received from the abbess of Gandersheim (Agnes II, Princess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen), the castle and the forest Elbingerode as a fiefdom, 1424, the dukes of Grubenhagen Duderstadt received, Gieboldehausen and Mark Golden as a fief of the Abbess of Quedlinburg (Adelaide Countess von Isenburg). With his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Duke Otto of Quaden of Göttingen, Erich had five daughters and three sons. Henry III. And Albert II, followed him, Ernst was III. Provost in Einbeck." (Wikipedia)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Prince of Luneburg (Wilhelm II), 1416-1428 (joint rule with Heinrich II)
Duke of Braunschweig-Luneburg, Prince of Wolfenbüttel (Wilhelm II), 1428-1432 (joint rule with Heinrich II), 1473-1482
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg (Wilhelm I), 1432-1473
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Prince of Gottingen (Wilhelm I), 1450-1473 (1392-1482)
the Elder
the Victorious
the Victorious
Heinrich IV of Brunswick-Luneburg
the Peaceful
Otto II of Brunswick-Luneburg-Osterode-Einbeck (d.1450)
Regent, 1427-1437
OTTO VIII
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode (OTTO II), 1420-1452
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen (OTTO I), 1427-1452
Otto VIII of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Peaceful
Otto II of Brunswick-Luneburg-Osterode-Einbeck (d.1450)
Regent, 1427-1437
OTTO VIII
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode (OTTO II), 1420-1452
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen (OTTO I), 1427-1452
Otto VIII of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
HEINRICH III (1416-1464)
Duke of Braunschweig-Salz-der-Helden, 1427-1464
Heinrich III of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen
"Henry was the eldest son of Erich I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and Elizabeth of Brunswick-Göttingen, a daughter of Otto the Quaden, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen. He followed after the death of his father, in 1427, together with his younger brothers, Ernest and Albert. Until the age of majority, 1437, he was under the tutelage of Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Osterode-Grubenhagen. In 1447 broke out between Henry and the Archbishop of Mainz and from the Gottingen dukes allied Landgrave Ludwig of Hesse a feud. Ludwig and his allies laid siege to the castle Grubenhagen, had, however, despite the use of two cannons to retreat. Henry died in 1464 and is buried in the Alexander pen in Einbeck. Ihm folgte sein Sohn Heinrich. He was succeeded by his son Henry."
Duke of Braunschweig-Salz-der-Helden, 1427-1464
Heinrich III of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen
"Henry was the eldest son of Erich I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and Elizabeth of Brunswick-Göttingen, a daughter of Otto the Quaden, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen. He followed after the death of his father, in 1427, together with his younger brothers, Ernest and Albert. Until the age of majority, 1437, he was under the tutelage of Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Osterode-Grubenhagen. In 1447 broke out between Henry and the Archbishop of Mainz and from the Gottingen dukes allied Landgrave Ludwig of Hesse a feud. Ludwig and his allies laid siege to the castle Grubenhagen, had, however, despite the use of two cannons to retreat. Henry died in 1464 and is buried in the Alexander pen in Einbeck. Ihm folgte sein Sohn Heinrich. He was succeeded by his son Henry."
ALBRECHT IV (1419-1485)
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen (ALBRECHT III), 1427-1464
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1427-1485
Duke of Braunschweig-Herzberg, 1427-1485
"ALBRECHT III. of Brunswick, grandson of Albrecht II., succeeded along with his two brothers, Ernst and Heinrich, to the uncontrolled exercise of their hereditary power on the death of their uncle and guardian, Otho, in 1439. The three brothers reigned conjointly till 1463, when, on the death of Heinrich, Ernst retired to a convent, and left Albrecht to govern alone in his own name and the name of Heinrich's son, a minor. In 1481 a division of the territory between Albrecht and his nephew took place. The former survived this transaction five years, dying in 1486. Albrecht III. without possessing distinguished. talents was a respectable statesman ; he is memorable chiefly for his efforts to improve the condition of the mining population of the Harz, and to render the working of the mines more productive. An Albrecht IV. of this family is mentioned by its historians, but he died before his father in 1456, and, although admitted according to the custom of the time and country to a share in the government, can scarcely be regarded as having been actually a reigning prince. ( Versuch eincrpragmatischen Geschichte des durchlauchtigsten Hauses Braunschweig und Liiueburg. Braunschweig, 1764, 8vo.) W. W."
OTTO I, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (OTTO III), 1434-1446 (?-1446)
Otto I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Cripple
the Lame
FRIEDRICH III, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1434-1457, 1471-1478 (1418-1478)
Friedrich II of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Pious
"Frederic, the Pius, succeeded his brother Otto, 1445. He assisted the Bishop of Munster against the Archbishop of Cologne, 1454, and in this war he was taken prisoner, and carried to Cologne, but was soon released. He had war also with the Archbishop of Magdeburg, Frederic, Count of Beichlingen, and Frederic, Elector of Saxony, 1456; but a peace was soon concluded. He built a monastery of Franciscan monks at Zelle, 1459, when he resigned his dominions to his son Bernhard and became a monk; but after the death of his two sons, he reassumed the government, 1471, and died 1478...." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
BERNHARD II
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1457-1464 (?-1464)
HEINRICH IV (1460-1526)
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1463-1526
Duke of Braunschweig-Salz-der-Helden, 1463-1526
ERNST III, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1464-1466
OTTO II, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1464-1471(1438-1471)
Otto IV of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Magnanimous
the Victorious"Otto, Magnanimous, succeeded his brother Bernhard, 1464. He had great quarrels with the nobility of his country, but overcame them. He took HiUukcr, from, the family of Bulow, and annexed it to his dominions. He died I9th of January, 1471, before his father; and his son Henry, being then only a child, his father re-assumed the government, and reigned over Luneburg seven years. He married at Zelle, on September 28, Anne, Countess of Nassau, Vianden, and Dietz, who after his death became wife of Philip, Count of Otzen-Elnbogen ; but after the death of her father-in-law, Duke Frideric, she returned to Zelle, and assisted her son, yet a child, in the government..." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1457-1464 (?-1464)
HEINRICH IV (1460-1526)
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1463-1526
Duke of Braunschweig-Salz-der-Helden, 1463-1526
ERNST III, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1464-1466
OTTO II, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1464-1471(1438-1471)
Otto IV of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Magnanimous
the Victorious"Otto, Magnanimous, succeeded his brother Bernhard, 1464. He had great quarrels with the nobility of his country, but overcame them. He took HiUukcr, from, the family of Bulow, and annexed it to his dominions. He died I9th of January, 1471, before his father; and his son Henry, being then only a child, his father re-assumed the government, and reigned over Luneburg seven years. He married at Zelle, on September 28, Anne, Countess of Nassau, Vianden, and Dietz, who after his death became wife of Philip, Count of Otzen-Elnbogen ; but after the death of her father-in-law, Duke Frideric, she returned to Zelle, and assisted her son, yet a child, in the government..." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
ERNST IV, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, ?-1496
HEINRICH IV, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1466-1526
HEINRICH VII, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1471-1521 (1468-1532)
Heinrich I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Intermediate
the Middle
HEINRICH IV, Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1466-1526
HEINRICH VII, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1471-1521 (1468-1532)
Heinrich I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Intermediate
the Middle
"Henry, junior, or rather the middle Henry, so called to distinguish him from Henry senior, of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, and from his own grandson Henry, was born 1468, and succeeded his grandfather 1478. He joined John, bishop of Hildesheim, in his war against Eric, senior, Prince of Brunswick-Calenberg 1519, yet got nothing by it but the displeasure of the Emperor Charles V. and having afterwards partitioned his dominions among his sons, 1521, abdicated the government, went to France, and died at Paris, 1532. He married in 148", Margaret, daughter of Ernest, Elector of Saxony, by whom he had, first, Otto, senior, born 14th August 1405, who got the government in his father's lifetime; but resigned it to bis brother Ernest for Harburg, and a large sum of money. He died at Harburg, August t1th, 1549, aged fifty-four; sixth, Ernest, the Pious, of Zelle; eighth, Francis, born 1508, obtained for his portion Giffhorn, and two counties belonging to it; received a hurt in his leg, which occasioned an amputation, of which he died 1549, leaving only two daughters." (Collins & Brysges, p. )
FRIEDRICH II, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Calenberg, 1482-1485, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (FRIEDRICH IV), 1482-1485 (?-1495)
the Restless
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WILHELM IV, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (WILHELM II), 1482-1495
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg (Wilhelm II), 1473-1483 (joint rule with Friedrich III) (1425-1503)the Younger
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PHILIPP I, Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1486-1551, Duke of Braunschweig-Herzberg, 1504-1551 (1476-1551)
the Restless
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg (Wilhelm II), 1473-1483 (joint rule with Friedrich III) (1425-1503)the Younger
Philipp I of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen
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ERICH II, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Calenberg, 1495-1540 (1470-1540)the Elder
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HEINRICH VIII
(1463-1514)
the Elder
the Evil
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1495-1514
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HEINRICH IX
(1489-1568)
Henrich IX of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Younger
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (HEINRICH V), 1514-1568
OTTO III
(1495-1549)
the Elder
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (OTTO III), 1521-1527
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg (OTTO I), 1527-1549
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ERNST I
(1497-1546)
Ernst I of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
the Confessor
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1521-1527
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1527-1546
"Emest, the Pious, of Zelle, born 26th June, 1497, studied at Wittenberg under Luther, and exerted his utmost power to introduce the Lutheran religion in his dominions, which were as large as his father's except Giffhorn. He signed the Augsburg confession, 1530; and entered into the league at Smalcand; but died before the religious war, January 12th, 1546.
"Ernest, who divided the family into two branches, Wolfenbuttel and Zell, died in 1546. He had three sons. Otho died without issue, and was succeeded by his brother Henry, who carried on the elder branch, and is ancestor to the reigning duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel." (Haydn, pp.47-48)
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FRANZ
(1508-1549)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1521-1527
Duke of Braunschweig-Giffhorn, 1527-1549
PHILIPP I
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1526-1551
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ERICH III
(1528-1584)
the Younger
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Calenberg, 1540-1584
FRANZ OTTO
(1530-1559)
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1546-1559
HEINRICH X
(1533-1598)
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1546-1569
Duke of Braunschweig-Dannenberg, 1569-1598
WILHELM V
(1535-1592)
the Victorious
the Younger
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1546-1569
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (WILHELM V), 1569-1592
"William, junior, the founder of the new house of Luneburg, was born July 4th, 1535. He came to the government on the death of his brother Francis-Otto, 155Q, and reigned ten years in conjunction with his elder brother Henry, whom he persuaded to content himself with the county of Danneberg ; and then himself reigned over all the rest. After the death of Otto, the last Count of Hoya without issue, 15S2, the Duchy of Hoya and Bruchausen fell to the families of the Dukes of Brunswic and Luneburg, and the Landgraves of Hesse, which they partitioned; so that Duke William, and Duke Henry, received Aemta, Hoya, Nienberg, Libenau, Old and New Bruchausen. On the death of Frideric, the last Count of Diephold 1585, that county also fell to Duke William. His zeal for the reformation induced him to compose and publish a creed entitled Corpus Doctrines Luneturgicum. He died 1592, aged fifty-seven...."
OTTO II
(1528-1603)
the Younger
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg, 1549-1603
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ERNST II
(1518-1567)
Ernst IV of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1551-1567
ERNST V
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1551-1566
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1566-?
JOHANN
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1551-1557
WOLFGANG
(1531-1595)
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1551-1595
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1567-1595
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JULIUS
(1528-1589)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1568-1589
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HEINRICH JULIUS
(1564-1613)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1589-1613
ERNST II
(1564-1611)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1592-1611
PHILIPP II
(1533-1596)
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1551-1596
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1595-1596
JULIUS ERNST
Duke of Braunschweig-Dannenberg, 1598-1636
JOHANN FRIEDRICH
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg, 1603-1619
WILHELM AUGUST
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg, 1603-1642
CHRISTOPH AUGUST
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg, 1604-1606
OTTO III
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg, 1606-1641
CHRISTIAN
(1566-1633)
the Elder
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1611-1633
"Christian, senior, the next brother, was born 1566, elected Bishop of Minden 1599; and succeeded to Luneburg 1611. He obtained Grubenhagen, 1617. He was elected Bishop of Halberstadt; but resigned that See to a son of the King of Denmark. He was a brave, but not always successful, soldier; he lost his left arm at the relief of Bergen-op Zoom, and wore a silver one in its place. In 1624, he was elected knight of the English Order of the Garter. He died November 8th, 1633." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
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FRIEDRICH ULRICH
(1591-1634)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1613-1634
"In 1634 expired, in the person of Frederick-UIrick, born in 1591, the last representative of the house of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel; and the succession lapsed to the duke of Brunswick-Danneberg, Julius-Ernest, who relinquished his right in favour of his younger brother, Augustus, who became duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel." (Haydn, pp. 47-48)"
AUGUST I
(1568-1636)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1633-1636
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AUGUST II
(1579-1666)
the Younger
Duke of Braunschweig-Hitzacker, 1598-1634
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1634-1666
GEORG
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Calenberg, 1636-1641
CHRISTIAN LUDWIG
(?-1665)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Calenberg, 1641-1648
FRIEDRICH V
(1574-1648)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1636-1641
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle (FRIEDRICH IV), 1641-1648
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GEORG I
(1582-1641)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1635-1641
"This George, the next brother, was born 1582. He travelled into France and England, 1608; and into Italy, Sicily, and Malta, 1609. After his return home, he betook himself to the service of Christian IV. King of Denmark; and was made colonel of a regiment of foot, 1611; and in the same year general of the Danish army, in opposition to Charles IX. King of Sweden. He signed the confederacy of Leipsic against the Emperor, 1631; beat the imperialists in the battle of Oldendorp; and took Hame1n 1633; Osnabrug, Hildesheim, &c. 1634. Afterwards he fell out with the Swedes, and signed the treaty of Prague, 1635. He got the principality of Calenberg, with the consent of his elder brother, 1636. But the Emperor Ferdinand III. tyrannizing in such a manner over the German princes, Duke George left him, and joined the Swedes again, 1640. He died 1641, as it is supposed, from the effects of poison...." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
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CHRISTIAN LUDWIG
(1622-1665)
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1648-1665
"Christian Lewis, the eldest son, was born 1622, succeeded his father in Calenberg, and Gottingen, 1641, but because his uncle Frideric resided at Zelle till 1648, he on his death chose Zelle, and gave his younger brother, George-William, Calenberg, and Gottingeu, of which Hanover is the metropolis. He made a treaty with the Emperor, 1642; and resigned the bishopric of Hildesheim, 1643, except a few Bailiwicks, by the peace of Westphalia. He got the abbey of Walkenreid, which fell afterwards to the house of Wolfenbuttel. He married, 1553, Dorothy, daughter of Philip, Duke of Holstein-Glucksburg; but died 1665, without issue." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
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GEORG II WILHELM
(1624-1705)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Calenberg, 1648-1665
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1665-1705
"George-William, next brother, born 1624, succeeded to Zelle. 'He triumphed over the French army commanded by Marshall Crequi, 1675, and took Triers, or Treves. He took Stade from the Swedes 1676; but restored it again for some other advantages in the peace of Nimeguen 1679. He composed some differences in the city of Hamburg 1686; and got Sax-Lauenburg, after the death of Julius-Francis, who died 1689. He was a great friend of William, Prince of Orange, afterwards William III. and died August 28th, 1705, aged eighty-two. He had by Eleanora d'Esmars, daughter of Alexander d'Olbreuse, an only daughter and heir, Sophia Dorothy, born 1666, and wife of her first cousin, George I." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
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JOHANN FRIEDRICH
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1665-1679
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RUDOLF AUGUST
(1627-1704)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1666-1704
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ANTON ULRICH
(1633-1714)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1666-1714
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FERDINAND ALBRECHT I
(1636-1687)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1666-1687
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ERNST AUGUST
(1629-1698)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1679-1698
Elector of Hannover, 1692-1698
"Ernest-Augustus, youngest brother, born November 10th, 1629, was coadjutor of Magdeburg, 1647; but though the peace of Westphalia frustrated his hopes of being bishop there, he became bishop of Osnabrug, 1662. He was much concerned in Ihe wars with the French from 16/0, till the peace of Nimeguen, when he succeeded his brother John Frideric in the Hanover dominions, 1679, and introduced the right of primogeniture with the consent of his brother the Duke of Zelle. He sent five thousand men against the Turks, 1684. He cemmanded himself eight thousand of his own troops, 1688, and contributed much to take Mentz, 1689. He was made ninth Elector of the empire, December 9th, 1692. " This year," say historians, "the Protestant interes1 in Germany was strengthened by the creation of a ninth Electorate in favour of the Duke of Hanover. That Duke, who had been long in the interest of France, had now entered into the grand alliance; and promised great supplies against France and 1 Iip Turks, if he might be made an Elector of the empire. King William concurring to press the matter at the court of Vienna, the Emperor agreed to it, under pretence that the number of electors ought to be unequal, to prevent the inconveniences of an election, where the votes might be equally ' ivided. The Duke was supported in bis claim only by the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg; the other electors, both ecclesiastic and laic, and the college of the cities, opposing it with great warmth. Their deputies, at the diet of Ratisbon, represented, that it was with great astonishment, they heard that the Emperor designed to erect a new Electorate, without the participation and consent of the states of the empire: nevertheless, they hoped, that regarding the ancient customs and constitutions of the empire, he would suspend the investiture of this ninth Electorate, till the result of the deliberations of the three colleges should be known. Leopold, without having regard to these remonstrances, on December i9th, gave the investiture of the new Electorate to Ernest Augustus, with the title of Elector of Brunswic, and Great. Marshal of the empire. The deputies of Ratisbon, being informed of the investiture, immediately drew up a manifesto, representing to his Imperial Majesty the grievances of their masters, and complaining of the investiture, as contrary to the golden-bull, and several capitulations, confirmed by successive emperors; therefore they declared the investiture given to the Duke 6f Hanover null; and that they would not acknowledge him as an Elector, resolving to adhere to the golden-bull, the treaties of Westphalia, and other fundamental laws of the empire. This dispute continued for some time in terms of negotiation with the princes opposing the investiture, who contented themselves to renew their protestations afterwards in the conferences held at Ryswick for the general peace."* Several assemblies were held on this affair at Goslar and Nuremberg, and the opposition had almost proceeded to an open rupture, when Ernest dying, January 23d, 1698, the dispute was omitted on account of the new war, that threatened the empire. Ernest-Augustus was an active and laborious Prince, and assiduous in the administration of justice. He married, September 30th, 1658, Sophia, born )638, daughter of Frederic, Elector Palatin, and King of Bohemia, f by Elizabeth, daughter of James I. King of England, by whom he had seven children." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
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AUGUST FERDINAND
(1677-1704)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1687-1704
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GEORG LUDWIG
(1660-1727)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1698-1727
Elector of Hannover, 1698-1727
King of Great Britain (GEORGE I), 1714-1727
AUGUST WILHELM
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1714-1731
GEORG II
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1727-1760
Elector of Hannover, 1727-1760
King of Great Britain (GEORGE II), 1727-1760
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LUDWIG RUDOLF
(1671-1735)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1731-1735
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FERDINAND ALBRECHT II
(1680-1735)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1704-1735
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1735
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KARL I
(1713-1780)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1735-1780
ERNST FERDINAND
(1682-1746)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1735-1746
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AUGUST WILHELM
(1662-1731)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1714-1731
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FRIEDRICH AUGUST
(1740-1805)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Oels, 1792-1805
GEORG III
(1738-1820)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1760-1807
Elector of Hannover, 1760-1802, 1813-1820
King of Great Britain (GEORGE III), 1760-1802
KARL II WILHELM FERDINAND
(1735-1806)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1780-1806
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FRIEDRICH KARL FERDINAND
(1729-1809)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1780-1809
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FRIEDRICH WILHELM
(1771-1815)
the Black Duke
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1813-1815
KARL III
(?-1873)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1815-1823
George (IV)
Regent
(also regent in Br.-Wolfenb. 1815-23)
1811-1820
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GEORG IV
(1762-1830)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1820-1830
Elector of Hannover, 1820-1830
King of Great Britain (GEORGE IV), 1820-1830
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WILHELM
(1806-1884)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1831-1884
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WILHELM IV
(1765-1837)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1830-1837
Elector of Hannover, 1830-1837
King of Great Britain (WILLIAM IV), 1830-1837
ERNST AUGUST
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1837-1851
Elector of Hannover, 1837-1851
GEORG V
(?-1878)
the Blind
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1851-1866
King of Hannover, 1851-1866
ERNST AUGUST
Ernst August II of Braunschweig
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1884-1913
Albrecht of Prussia
Regent of Braunschweig, 1885-1906 Albert von Otto
Regent of Braunschweig, 1906-1907 Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Regent of Braunschweig,1907-1913
ERNST AUGUST III
(?-1953)
Ernst August III of Brunswick
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover (Ernst August), 1913-1918
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1913-1918
Viktoria Luise of Prussia
Regent of Braunschweig, 1914-1918
Sources and References
Annals of the House of Hanover (Vol. 1)
Annals of the House of Hanover (Vol. 2)
Dukes of Brunswick (Family Tree) at Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
Dukes of Brunswick (Rulers List) at World Atlas
The Early Hanoverians
German States to 1918 A-E
Military History Time Line of the Duchy of Braunschweig (Brunswick) & Infantry Regiment (IR) 92
Regnal Chronologies, Germany A-E
Rulers of Brunswick (List and Family Tree) at genealogy.eu
Rulers of Germany
Rulers List at Regnal Chronologies
Sovereigns in Germany
Succession Laws in the House of Welf
The Welfs and the Houses of Brunswick and Luneburg (Family Tree) at Leibnitiana
(1463-1514)
the Elder
the Evil
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1495-1514
(1489-1568)
Henrich IX of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
the Younger
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (HEINRICH V), 1514-1568
OTTO III
(1495-1549)
the Elder
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (OTTO III), 1521-1527
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg (OTTO I), 1527-1549
(1497-1546)
Ernst I of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
the Confessor
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1521-1527
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1527-1546
"Emest, the Pious, of Zelle, born 26th June, 1497, studied at Wittenberg under Luther, and exerted his utmost power to introduce the Lutheran religion in his dominions, which were as large as his father's except Giffhorn. He signed the Augsburg confession, 1530; and entered into the league at Smalcand; but died before the religious war, January 12th, 1546.
"Ernest, who divided the family into two branches, Wolfenbuttel and Zell, died in 1546. He had three sons. Otho died without issue, and was succeeded by his brother Henry, who carried on the elder branch, and is ancestor to the reigning duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel." (Haydn, pp.47-48)
(1508-1549)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1521-1527
Duke of Braunschweig-Giffhorn, 1527-1549
PHILIPP I
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1526-1551
(1528-1584)
the Younger
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Calenberg, 1540-1584
FRANZ OTTO
(1530-1559)
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1546-1559
HEINRICH X
(1533-1598)
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1546-1569
Duke of Braunschweig-Dannenberg, 1569-1598
WILHELM V
(1535-1592)
the Victorious
the Younger
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1546-1569
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (WILHELM V), 1569-1592
"William, junior, the founder of the new house of Luneburg, was born July 4th, 1535. He came to the government on the death of his brother Francis-Otto, 155Q, and reigned ten years in conjunction with his elder brother Henry, whom he persuaded to content himself with the county of Danneberg ; and then himself reigned over all the rest. After the death of Otto, the last Count of Hoya without issue, 15S2, the Duchy of Hoya and Bruchausen fell to the families of the Dukes of Brunswic and Luneburg, and the Landgraves of Hesse, which they partitioned; so that Duke William, and Duke Henry, received Aemta, Hoya, Nienberg, Libenau, Old and New Bruchausen. On the death of Frideric, the last Count of Diephold 1585, that county also fell to Duke William. His zeal for the reformation induced him to compose and publish a creed entitled Corpus Doctrines Luneturgicum. He died 1592, aged fifty-seven...."
OTTO II
(1528-1603)
the Younger
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg, 1549-1603
(1518-1567)
Ernst IV of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1551-1567
ERNST V
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1551-1566
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1566-?
JOHANN
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1551-1557
WOLFGANG
(1531-1595)
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1551-1595
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1567-1595
(1528-1589)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1568-1589
(1564-1613)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1589-1613
ERNST II
(1564-1611)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1592-1611
PHILIPP II
(1533-1596)
Duke of Braunschweig-Osterode, 1551-1596
Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, 1595-1596
JULIUS ERNST
Duke of Braunschweig-Dannenberg, 1598-1636
JOHANN FRIEDRICH
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg, 1603-1619
WILHELM AUGUST
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg, 1603-1642
CHRISTOPH AUGUST
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg, 1604-1606
OTTO III
Duke of Braunschweig-Harburg, 1606-1641
CHRISTIAN
(1566-1633)
the Elder
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1611-1633
"Christian, senior, the next brother, was born 1566, elected Bishop of Minden 1599; and succeeded to Luneburg 1611. He obtained Grubenhagen, 1617. He was elected Bishop of Halberstadt; but resigned that See to a son of the King of Denmark. He was a brave, but not always successful, soldier; he lost his left arm at the relief of Bergen-op Zoom, and wore a silver one in its place. In 1624, he was elected knight of the English Order of the Garter. He died November 8th, 1633." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
(1591-1634)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1613-1634
"In 1634 expired, in the person of Frederick-UIrick, born in 1591, the last representative of the house of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel; and the succession lapsed to the duke of Brunswick-Danneberg, Julius-Ernest, who relinquished his right in favour of his younger brother, Augustus, who became duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel." (Haydn, pp. 47-48)"
AUGUST I
(1568-1636)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1633-1636
AUGUST II
(1579-1666)
the Younger
Duke of Braunschweig-Hitzacker, 1598-1634
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1634-1666
GEORG
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Calenberg, 1636-1641
CHRISTIAN LUDWIG
(?-1665)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Calenberg, 1641-1648
FRIEDRICH V
(1574-1648)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1636-1641
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle (FRIEDRICH IV), 1641-1648
(1582-1641)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1635-1641
"This George, the next brother, was born 1582. He travelled into France and England, 1608; and into Italy, Sicily, and Malta, 1609. After his return home, he betook himself to the service of Christian IV. King of Denmark; and was made colonel of a regiment of foot, 1611; and in the same year general of the Danish army, in opposition to Charles IX. King of Sweden. He signed the confederacy of Leipsic against the Emperor, 1631; beat the imperialists in the battle of Oldendorp; and took Hame1n 1633; Osnabrug, Hildesheim, &c. 1634. Afterwards he fell out with the Swedes, and signed the treaty of Prague, 1635. He got the principality of Calenberg, with the consent of his elder brother, 1636. But the Emperor Ferdinand III. tyrannizing in such a manner over the German princes, Duke George left him, and joined the Swedes again, 1640. He died 1641, as it is supposed, from the effects of poison...." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
(1622-1665)
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1648-1665
"Christian Lewis, the eldest son, was born 1622, succeeded his father in Calenberg, and Gottingen, 1641, but because his uncle Frideric resided at Zelle till 1648, he on his death chose Zelle, and gave his younger brother, George-William, Calenberg, and Gottingeu, of which Hanover is the metropolis. He made a treaty with the Emperor, 1642; and resigned the bishopric of Hildesheim, 1643, except a few Bailiwicks, by the peace of Westphalia. He got the abbey of Walkenreid, which fell afterwards to the house of Wolfenbuttel. He married, 1553, Dorothy, daughter of Philip, Duke of Holstein-Glucksburg; but died 1665, without issue." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
(1624-1705)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Calenberg, 1648-1665
Duke of Braunschweig-Celle, 1665-1705
"George-William, next brother, born 1624, succeeded to Zelle. 'He triumphed over the French army commanded by Marshall Crequi, 1675, and took Triers, or Treves. He took Stade from the Swedes 1676; but restored it again for some other advantages in the peace of Nimeguen 1679. He composed some differences in the city of Hamburg 1686; and got Sax-Lauenburg, after the death of Julius-Francis, who died 1689. He was a great friend of William, Prince of Orange, afterwards William III. and died August 28th, 1705, aged eighty-two. He had by Eleanora d'Esmars, daughter of Alexander d'Olbreuse, an only daughter and heir, Sophia Dorothy, born 1666, and wife of her first cousin, George I." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1665-1679
RUDOLF AUGUST
(1627-1704)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1666-1704
ANTON ULRICH
(1633-1714)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1666-1714
FERDINAND ALBRECHT I
(1636-1687)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1666-1687
ERNST AUGUST
(1629-1698)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1679-1698
Elector of Hannover, 1692-1698
"Ernest-Augustus, youngest brother, born November 10th, 1629, was coadjutor of Magdeburg, 1647; but though the peace of Westphalia frustrated his hopes of being bishop there, he became bishop of Osnabrug, 1662. He was much concerned in Ihe wars with the French from 16/0, till the peace of Nimeguen, when he succeeded his brother John Frideric in the Hanover dominions, 1679, and introduced the right of primogeniture with the consent of his brother the Duke of Zelle. He sent five thousand men against the Turks, 1684. He cemmanded himself eight thousand of his own troops, 1688, and contributed much to take Mentz, 1689. He was made ninth Elector of the empire, December 9th, 1692. " This year," say historians, "the Protestant interes1 in Germany was strengthened by the creation of a ninth Electorate in favour of the Duke of Hanover. That Duke, who had been long in the interest of France, had now entered into the grand alliance; and promised great supplies against France and 1 Iip Turks, if he might be made an Elector of the empire. King William concurring to press the matter at the court of Vienna, the Emperor agreed to it, under pretence that the number of electors ought to be unequal, to prevent the inconveniences of an election, where the votes might be equally ' ivided. The Duke was supported in bis claim only by the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg; the other electors, both ecclesiastic and laic, and the college of the cities, opposing it with great warmth. Their deputies, at the diet of Ratisbon, represented, that it was with great astonishment, they heard that the Emperor designed to erect a new Electorate, without the participation and consent of the states of the empire: nevertheless, they hoped, that regarding the ancient customs and constitutions of the empire, he would suspend the investiture of this ninth Electorate, till the result of the deliberations of the three colleges should be known. Leopold, without having regard to these remonstrances, on December i9th, gave the investiture of the new Electorate to Ernest Augustus, with the title of Elector of Brunswic, and Great. Marshal of the empire. The deputies of Ratisbon, being informed of the investiture, immediately drew up a manifesto, representing to his Imperial Majesty the grievances of their masters, and complaining of the investiture, as contrary to the golden-bull, and several capitulations, confirmed by successive emperors; therefore they declared the investiture given to the Duke 6f Hanover null; and that they would not acknowledge him as an Elector, resolving to adhere to the golden-bull, the treaties of Westphalia, and other fundamental laws of the empire. This dispute continued for some time in terms of negotiation with the princes opposing the investiture, who contented themselves to renew their protestations afterwards in the conferences held at Ryswick for the general peace."* Several assemblies were held on this affair at Goslar and Nuremberg, and the opposition had almost proceeded to an open rupture, when Ernest dying, January 23d, 1698, the dispute was omitted on account of the new war, that threatened the empire. Ernest-Augustus was an active and laborious Prince, and assiduous in the administration of justice. He married, September 30th, 1658, Sophia, born )638, daughter of Frederic, Elector Palatin, and King of Bohemia, f by Elizabeth, daughter of James I. King of England, by whom he had seven children." (Collins & Brydges, p. )
AUGUST FERDINAND
(1677-1704)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1687-1704
GEORG LUDWIG
(1660-1727)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1698-1727
Elector of Hannover, 1698-1727
King of Great Britain (GEORGE I), 1714-1727
AUGUST WILHELM
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1714-1731
GEORG II
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1727-1760
Elector of Hannover, 1727-1760
King of Great Britain (GEORGE II), 1727-1760
LUDWIG RUDOLF
(1671-1735)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1731-1735
FERDINAND ALBRECHT II
(1680-1735)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1704-1735
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1735
KARL I
(1713-1780)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1735-1780
ERNST FERDINAND
(1682-1746)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1735-1746
AUGUST WILHELM
(1662-1731)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1714-1731
FRIEDRICH AUGUST
(1740-1805)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Oels, 1792-1805
GEORG III
(1738-1820)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1760-1807
Elector of Hannover, 1760-1802, 1813-1820
King of Great Britain (GEORGE III), 1760-1802
KARL II WILHELM FERDINAND
(1735-1806)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1780-1806
FRIEDRICH KARL FERDINAND
(1729-1809)
Duke of Braunswchweig-Bevern, 1780-1809
FRIEDRICH WILHELM
(1771-1815)
the Black Duke
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1813-1815
KARL III
(?-1873)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1815-1823
George (IV)
Regent
(also regent in Br.-Wolfenb. 1815-23)
1811-1820
GEORG IV
(1762-1830)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1820-1830
Elector of Hannover, 1820-1830
King of Great Britain (GEORGE IV), 1820-1830
WILHELM
(1806-1884)
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1831-1884
WILHELM IV
(1765-1837)
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1830-1837
Elector of Hannover, 1830-1837
King of Great Britain (WILLIAM IV), 1830-1837
ERNST AUGUST
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1837-1851
Elector of Hannover, 1837-1851
GEORG V
(?-1878)
the Blind
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1851-1866
King of Hannover, 1851-1866
ERNST AUGUST
Ernst August II of Braunschweig
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover, 1884-1913
Albrecht of Prussia
Regent of Braunschweig, 1885-1906 Albert von Otto
Regent of Braunschweig, 1906-1907 Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Regent of Braunschweig,1907-1913
ERNST AUGUST III
(?-1953)
Ernst August III of Brunswick
Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover (Ernst August), 1913-1918
Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1913-1918
Viktoria Luise of Prussia
Regent of Braunschweig, 1914-1918
Sources and References
Annals of the House of Hanover (Vol. 1)
Annals of the House of Hanover (Vol. 2)
Dukes of Brunswick (Family Tree) at Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
Dukes of Brunswick (Rulers List) at World Atlas
The Early Hanoverians
German States to 1918 A-E
Military History Time Line of the Duchy of Braunschweig (Brunswick) & Infantry Regiment (IR) 92
Regnal Chronologies, Germany A-E
Rulers of Brunswick (List and Family Tree) at genealogy.eu
Rulers of Germany
Rulers List at Regnal Chronologies
Sovereigns in Germany
Succession Laws in the House of Welf
The Welfs and the Houses of Brunswick and Luneburg (Family Tree) at Leibnitiana
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